Music Therapy
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Developments in brain-scanning technology show that making music increases brain activity, creating new pathways across both hemispheres of the brain. This makes music therapy especially beneficial in neurorehabilitation where the organising function of rhythm in music can be used to rehabilitate movement and speech following a brain injury or stroke.
There is a strong connection between music and memory as can be attested by the flood of emotion stimulated by hearing significant songs, or the annoying advertising jingles that get stuck in your brain. Music therapists use this feature of music to help people with memory difficulties access important pieces of information in specifically composed songs. Memory for music is closely linked to emotions and both are processed deeply within the brain. Memory for song lyrics often remains long after other memory and verbal ability have deteriorated for people with dementia.
Music therapy often awakens something within people in late-stage dementia and can stimulate windows of lucidity, providing family members with glimpses of the person they love. This provides an opportunity for choice and control in an environment where they have little control over everything else. This may include using music to increase opportunities for cognitive and sensory stimulation and to help develop motor skills, orientation and mobility.
Young people spend a significant amount of time engaging with music and vulnerable teenagers spend even more so. Music therapists in adolescent mental health use this strong connection that teens have with music as a resource in grappling with their emerging mental health problems.
Music therapy is the use of music to improve health or functional outcomes. Music therapy is a creative arts therapy, consisting of a process in which a music. Music Therapy is an established health profession in which music is used within a therapeutic relationship to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social.
The Australian Research Council has recently funded a research project headed by Assoc. Prof Katrina McFerran to investigate the music uses of young people with and without mental ill-health with a view to early identification and early intervention in adolescence. Pets in Victorian paintings — Egham, Surrey. The history of pets and family life — Egham, Surrey.
Available editions United Kingdom. Jeanette Tamplin , University of Melbourne. A meta-study of over subjects showed music therapy produces highly significant improvements to social behaviors, overt behaviors like wandering and restlessness, reductions in agitated behaviors, and improvements to cognitive defects, measured with reality orientation and face recognition tests.
The effectiveness of the treatment seems to be strongly dependent on the patient, the quality and length of treatment, and other similar factors. Another meta-study examined the proposed neurological mechanisms behind music therapy's effects on these patients. Many authors suspect that music has a soothing effect on the patient by affecting how noise is perceived: Others suggest that music serves as a sort of mediator for social interactions, providing a vessel through which to interact with others without requiring much cognitive load.
Melodic intonation therapy MIT is a method used by music therapists and speech-language pathologists to help people with communication disorders caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain by engaging the singing abilities and possibly engaging language-capable regions in the undamaged right hemisphere.
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While unable to speak fluently, patients with non-fluent aphasia are often able to sing words, phrases, and even sentences they cannot express otherwise. The mechanisms of this success are yet to be fully understood. It is commonly agreed that while speech is lateralized mostly to the left hemisphere for right-handed and most left-handed individuals , some speech functionality is also distributed in the right hemisphere. While results are somewhat contradictory, studies have in fact found increased right hemispheric activation in non-fluent aphasic patients after MIT.
A meta-analysis-analysis on the use of music therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia found that the treatment effect was significantly better in the patients who received adjunct music therapy than in those who did not, in negative symptoms, mood symptoms, and also positive symptoms. A Cochrane review found that moderate- to low-quality evidence suggests that music therapy as an addition to standard care improves the global state, mental state including negative and general symptoms , social functioning, and quality of life of people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like disorders.
However, effects were inconsistent across studies and depended on the number of music therapy sessions as well as the quality of the music therapy provided. A review of studies of music therapy for children and adolescents with major depressive or anxiety disorders found that music-based interventions may be efficient in reducing the severity of internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents. A theoretical review on the use of music therapy in post-traumatic stress disorder suggests that music therapy may be a useful therapeutic tool to reduce symptoms and improve functioning among individuals with trauma exposure and PTSD, though more rigorous empirical study is required.
In , the first program for music therapy in Africa opened in Pretoria, South Africa. Research has shown that in Tanzania patients can receive palliative care for life-threatening illnesses directly after the diagnosis of these illnesses. This is different from many Western countries, because they reserve palliative care for patients who have an incurable illness. Music is also viewed differently between Africa and Western countries. In Western countries and a majority of other countries throughout the world, music is traditionally seen as entertainment whereas in many African cultures, music is used in recounting stories, celebrating life events, or sending messages.
One of the first groups known to heal with sound were the aboriginal people of Australia. The modern name of their healing tool is the didgeridoo, but it was originally called the yidaki. The yidaki produced sounds that are similar to the sound healing techniques used in modern day. For at least 40, years, the healing tool was believed to assist in healing "broken bones, muscle tears and illnesses of every kind". Archaeological studies of rock art in Northern Australia suggest that the people of the Kakadu region of the Northern Territory have been using the didgeridoo for less than 1, years, based on the dating of paintings on cave walls and shelters from this period.
A clear rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau, from the freshwater period [60] that had begun years ago [61] shows a didgeridoo player and two songmen participating in an Ubarr Ceremony. Her group 'The Wheelchair Players' continued until , and is considered to be the first music therapy group project in Canada. Two other music therapy programs were initiated during the s; one by Norma Sharpe at St. Thomas Psychiatric Hospital in St. The former was mostly developed by professor Even Ruud, while professor Brynjulf Stige is largely responsible for cultivating the latter.
The centre in Bergen has 18 staff, including 2 professors and 4 associate professors, as well as lecturers and PhD students. Two of the field's major international research journals are based in Bergen: Nordic Journal for Music Therapy [69] and Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy.
Music therapy has existed in its current form in the United States since when the first undergraduate degree program in the world was begun at Michigan State University and the first graduate degree program was established at the University of Kansas. Music therapists use ideas from different disciplines such as speech and language, physical therapy , medicine , nursing , and education. A music therapy degree candidate can earn an undergraduate, master's or doctoral degree in music therapy.
Many AMTA approved programs offer equivalency and certificate degrees in music therapy for students that have completed a degree in a related field. Some practicing music therapists have held PhDs in fields other than, but usually related to, music therapy.
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Recently, Temple University established a PhD program in music therapy. A music therapist typically incorporates music therapy techniques with broader clinical practices such as psychotherapy, rehabilitation, and other practices depending on client needs. Music therapy services rendered within the context of a social service, educational, or health care agency are often reimbursable by insurance and sources of funding for individuals with certain needs.
Music therapy services have been identified as reimbursable under Medicaid , Medicare , private insurance plans and federal and state government programs. A degree in music therapy requires proficiency in guitar, piano, voice, music theory, music history, reading music, improvisation, as well as varying levels of skill in assessment, documentation, and other counseling and health care skills depending on the focus of the particular university's program. The current credential available is MT-BC. To become board certified, a music therapist must complete a music therapy degree from an accredited AMTA program at a college or university, successfully complete a music therapy internship, and pass the Board Certification Examination in Music Therapy, administered through The Certification Board for Music Therapists.
To maintain the credential, either units of continuing education must be completed every five years, or the board exam must be retaken near the end of the five-year cycle. The units claimed for credit fall under the purview of the Certification Board for Music Therapists. North Dakota, Nevada and Georgia have established licenses for music therapists.
In , Hamda Farhat introduced music therapy to Lebanon, developing and inventing therapeutic methods such as the triple method to treat hyperactivity, depression, anxiety, addiction, and post traumatic stress disorder. She has met with great success in working with many international organizations, and in the training of therapists, educators, and doctors.
Live music was used in hospitals after both World Wars as part of the treatment program for recovering soldiers. Clinical music therapy in Britain as it is understood today was pioneered in the s and s by French cellist Juliette Alvin whose influence on the current generation of British music therapy lecturers remains strong. Mary Priestley , one of Juliette Alvin's students, created "analytical music therapy". Practitioners are registered with the Health Professions Council and, starting from , new registrants must normally hold a master's degree in music therapy.
There are master's level programs in music therapy in Manchester , Bristol , Cambridge , South Wales , Edinburgh and London , and there are therapists throughout the UK. Crawford and his colleagues again found that music therapy helped the outcomes of schizophrenic patients. The roots of musical therapy in India, can be traced back to ancient Hindu mythology, Vedic texts, and local folk traditions. Sharma with a motto "to use pleasant sounds in a specific manner like drug in due course of time as green medicine" [76] He also publish a journal "International Journal of Music Therapy ISSN to popularize and promote music therapy research on international platform [77].
Suvarna Nalapat has studied music therapy in the Indian context. Her books Nadalayasindhu-Ragachikilsamrutam , Music Therapy in Management Education and Administration and Ragachikitsa are accepted textbooks on music therapy and Indian arts. Sharma with a motto "to use pleasant sounds as drug in due course of time as green medicine" [76]. The "Music Therapy Trust of India" is yet another venture in the country. Music has been used as a healing implement for centuries.
The Relevance of Music Therapy Today
Aesculapius was said to cure diseases of the mind by using song and music, and music therapy was used in Egyptian temples. Plato said that music affected the emotions and could influence the character of an individual. Aristotle taught that music affects the soul and described music as a force that purified the emotions. Aulus Cornelius Celsus advocated the sound of cymbals and running water for the treatment of mental disorders.
Music therapy was practiced in the Bible when David played the harp to rid King Saul of a bad spirit 1 Sam In the thirteenth century, Arab hospitals contained music-rooms for the benefit of the patients. The rise of an understanding of the body and mind in terms of the nervous system led to the emergence of a new wave of music therapy in the eighteenth century.
After books on music therapy often drew on the Brunonian system of medicine , arguing that the stimulation of the nerves caused by music could directly improve health.
Aphasiology,4 3 , The choice of music is carefully selected for the client based on their musical preferences and the goals of the session. Whipple J July Canus, a Rhodian fiddler, in [] Philostratus, when Apollonius was inquisitive to know what he could do with his pipe, told him, 'That he would make a melancholy man merry, and him that was merry much merrier than before, a lover more enamoured, a religious man more devout. The centre in Bergen has 18 staff, including 2 professors and 4 associate professors, as well as lecturers and PhD students. Kobialkais a type of new age music that produces large volume music that has violins playing over the background of synthesizes sounds. The roots of musical therapy in India, can be traced back to ancient Hindu mythology, Vedic texts, and local folk traditions.
For example, Peter Lichtenthal's influential book Der musikalische Arzt The Musical Doctor was also explicitly Brunonian in its treatment of the effects of music on the body. Lichtenthal, a musician, composer and physician with links to the Mozart family, was mostly positive about music, talking of 'doses of music', which should be determined by someone who knows the "Brunonian scale". Music therapy as we know it began in the aftermath of World Wars I and II, when, particularly in the United Kingdom, musicians would travel to hospitals and play music for soldiers suffering from war-related emotional and physical trauma.
Even as recent as , music therapy has shown the ability to provide emotional relief to the members of our society. Music therapy finds its roots in the military.
The United States Department of War issued Technical Bulletin in , which described the use of music in the recuperation of military service members in Army hospitals. Although these endorsements helped music therapy develop, there was still a recognized need to assess the true viability and value of music as a medically-based therapy. Walter Reed Army Medical Center and the Office of the Surgeon General worked together to lead one of the earliest assessments of a music therapy program. The first university sponsored music therapy course was taught by Margaret Anderton in at Columbia University.
These two signature injuries are increasingly common among millennial military service members and in music therapy programs. Music therapists work with active duty military personnel, veterans, service members in transition, and their families. Music therapists strive to engage clients in music experiences that foster trust and complete participation over the course of their treatment process. Music therapists use an array of music-centered tools, techniques, and activities when working with military-associated clients, many of which are similar to the techniques used in other music therapy settings.
These methods include, but are not limited to: Music therapy in the military is seen in programs on military bases, VA healthcare facilities, military treatment facilities, and military communities. Music therapy programs have a large outreach because they exist for all phases of military life: Its Semper Sound program specializes in providing music therapy services to active duty military service members and veterans diagnosed with PTSD, TBI, substance abuse, and other trauma-related diagnoses. Walter Reed Army Medical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, is another pioneer for the use of music therapy in the military.
All patients at the medical center are eligible to receive music therapy services; therefore, the range of clients is wide: The Exceptional Family Member Program EFMP also exists to provide music therapy services to active duty military families who have a family member with a developmental, physical, emotional, or intellectual disorder. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Music therapy Power of Music by Louis Gallait.
A brother and sister resting before an old tomb. The brother is attempting to comfort his sibling by playing the violin, and she has fallen into a deep sleep, "oblivious of all grief, mental and physical". This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. November Learn how and when to remove this template message.
Music therapy
Music therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Music therapy for non-fluent aphasia. Affective neuroscience Biomusicology Chronobiology Eloise psychiatric hospital Embodied music cognition Expressive therapies Melodic intonation therapy Music as a coping strategy Musical analysis Music cognition Music therapy in Canada Music psychology Psychoacoustics Psychoanalysis and music Psychoneuroimmunology. American Music Therapy Association, The Arts in Psychotherapy. An introduction to music therapy: American Music Therapy Association. What do I want my client to experience?
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- Music therapy - Wikipedia.
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What is my desired outcome for the end of the session? A Music Therapist creates and continues to modify an ongoing program for the client. A music therapy session may have a general framework but it is not something that is ever by rote. It is in a constant state of improv musical flux — moving from one feeling to another — flowing seamlessly depending on where the client needs to go. The energy in the room is constantly monitored and the therapist uses the responses in that happen in the moment to guide them to the next moment — this takes incredible focus and attention to detail…the subtle details.
Clinical practice
Countries throughout the world have national certification programs for music therapists who have graduated with the prescribed educational requirements including supervised clinical work. All good strategies are best if used with the right intention—music is no different. Sometimes we just need a professional guide. To find a professional registered, licensed, accredited music therapist near you contact: