By Blood Only

Blood Types

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It's because type O blood lacks any antigens, and therefore a person with type O blood has A, B, and Rh antibodies, assuming they are type O-negative. Blood cells have antigens on their surface that serve as markers or flags, and plasma contains antibodies that detect and reject blood cells with foreign antigens. Antigens A, B, and Rh There are several antigens present on the surface of blood cells that serve as "markers" or "flags.

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For instance, if a person has A and B antigens present in their blood, their blood type is deemed "type AB," while blood with only A antigens will be deemed "type A. If person's blood contains neither A nor B antigens, they are deemed "type O," so a person with "O positive" blood has neither A nor B antigens, but would still have Rh antigens. Antibodies For every antigen in a person's blood, they lack the antibody for that specific antigen. For instance, a person who is "A-positive" will have B antibodies, but neither A nor Rh antibodies.

Coughing up blood (blood in phlegm)

Similarly, a person with blood type "AB-negative" will have neither A nor B antibodies, but will still have Rh antibodies. Why do you have to donate blood to someone with the same blood type?

What causes blood in semen?

You don't have to donate blood to someone with the same blood type. All that is necessary for a donor to be a "match" is that their blood must not trigger any of the antibodies in the recipient's blood. For instance, a person with blood type AB-negative cannot donate to a person with blood type B-negative, because the recipient's blood will have A antibodies present, and will reject the blood since it contains A antigens.

Here's a table describing who can receive blood whom: Since someone who is "AB-positive" will lack all blood-type related antibodies in their blood, they can receive blood from anyone.

Transmission via transfusion

Once phlebotomy is performed in most insects by a specialized fine hollow "needle," the proboscis , which perforates skin and capillaries ; in bats by sharp incisor teeth that act as a razor to cut the skin , blood is acquired either by sucking action directly from the veins or capillaries, from a pool of escaped blood, or by lapping again, in bats. To overcome natural hemostasis blood coagulation , vasoconstriction , inflammation, and pain sensation in the host, hematophagous animals have evolved hembiochemical solutions, in their saliva for instance, that they pre-inject—and anesthesia and capillary dilation have evolved in some hematophagous species.

Scientists have developed anticoagulant medicines from studying substances in the saliva of several hematophagous species, such as leeches hirudin. Hematophagy is classified as either obligatory or facultative. Obligatory hematophagous animals cannot survive on any other food.

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Examples include Rhodnius prolixus , a South American assassin bug , and Cimex lectularius , the human bed bug. Facultative hematophages, meanwhile, acquire at least some portion of their nutrition from non-blood sources in at least one of the sexually mature forms. Examples of this include many mosquito species, such as Aedes aegypti , whose males feed on pollen and fruit juice only while the females survive strictly by feeding on mammalian blood. In anautogenous species, the female can survive without blood, but must consume blood in order to produce eggs obligatory hematophages are by definition also anautogenous.

As a feeding practice, hematophagy has evolved independently in a number of arthropod, annelid , nematode and mammalian taxa. For example, Diptera insects with two wings, such as flies have eleven families with hematophagous habits more than half of the 19 hematophagous arthropod taxa.

About 14, species of arthropods are hematophagous, even including some genera that were not previously thought to be, such as moths of the genus Calyptra. Several complementary biological adaptations for locating the hosts usually in the dark, as most hematophagous species are nocturnal and silent to avoid detection have also evolved, such as special physical or chemical detectors for sweat components, CO 2 , heat, light, movement, etc. The phlebotomic action opens a channel for contamination of the host species with bacteria , viruses and blood-borne parasites contained in the hematophagous organism.

Thus, many animal and human infectious diseases are transmitted by hematophagous species, such as the bubonic plague , Chagas disease , dengue fever , eastern equine encephalitis , filariasis , leishmaniasis , Lyme disease , malaria , rabies , sleeping sickness , St.

Louis encephalitis , tularemia , typhus , Rocky Mountain spotted fever , West Nile fever , Zika fever , and many others. Insects and arachnids of medical importance for being hematophagous, at least in some species, include the sandfly , blackfly , tsetse fly , bedbug , assassin bug , mosquito , tick , louse , mite , midge , and flea. Hematophagous organisms have been used by physicians for beneficial purposes hirudotherapy. Some doctors now use leeches to prevent the clotting of blood on some wounds following surgery or trauma.

In a recent study a genetically engineered drug called desmoteplase based on the saliva of Desmodus rotundus the vampire bat was shown to improve recovery in stroke patients. Many human societies also drink blood or use it to manufacture foodstuffs and delicacies. Cow blood mixed with milk , for example, is a mainstay food of the African Maasai.

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