Broken Ground: John F Kennedy and the Politics of Education (Routledge Library Editions: Education)
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The trust the President placed in him on matters of negotiation was such that his role in the crisis is today seen as having been of vital importance in securing a blockade, which averted a full military engagement between the United States and Soviet Russia. His clandestine meetings with members of the Soviet Government continued to provide a key link to Nikita Khrushchev during even the darkest moments of the Crisis, in which the threat of nuclear strikes was considered a very present reality. Edgar Hoover called and told him his brother had been shot; [] before he could ask any questions, Hoover hung up.
Kennedy later said he thought Hoover had enjoyed telling him the news. He ordered the Secret Service to dismantle the Oval Office and cabinet room's secret taping systems. McCone denied it, with Kennedy later telling investigator Walter Sheridan that he asked the director "in a way that he couldn't lie to me, and they [the CIA] hadn't".
Broken Ground: John F Kennedy and the Politics of Education [Lawrence J McAndrews] Paperback: 4 pages; Publisher: Routledge; 1 edition (April 2, ). Broken Ground: John F Kennedy and the Politics Education (Modern American History) Hardcover: pages; Publisher: Routledge; 1 edition (July 1, ).
RFK remembered their conversation starting with Johnson demonstrating sympathy before the vice president stated his belief that he should be sworn in immediately; RFK opposed the idea since he felt "it would be nice" for President Kennedy's body to return to Washington with the deceased president still being the incumbent. Guthman recounted Kennedy admitting to him an hour after receiving word of his brother's death that he thought he would be the one "they would get" as opposed to his brother.
Kennedy was asked by Democratic Party leaders to introduce a film about his late brother at the party convention. When he was introduced, the crowd, including party bosses, elected officials, and delegates, applauded thunderously and tearfully for a full 22 minutes before they would let him speak. When [he] shall die Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night And pay no worship to the garish sun.
The ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission of — concluded that the president had been assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted alone. On September 27, , Kennedy issued a statement through his New York campaign office: He was a malcontent who could not get along here or in the Soviet Union. But I have been briefed on it and I am completely satisfied that the Commission investigated every lead and examined every piece of evidence. The Commission's inquiry was thorough and conscientious.
The killing was judged as having a profound impact on Kennedy. Beran assesses the assassination as having moved Kennedy away from reliance on the political system and become more questioning. In the wake of the assassination of his brother and Lyndon Johnson's ascension to the presidency, with the office of vice president now vacant, Kennedy was viewed favorably as a potential candidate for the position in the presidential election.
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Several Kennedy partisans called for him to be drafted in tribute to his brother; national polling showing that three of four Democrats were in favor of him as Johnson's running mate. Democratic organizers supported him as a write-in candidate in the New Hampshire primary and 25, Democrats wrote in Kennedy's name in March , only 3, fewer than the number of Democrats who wrote in Johnson's name as their pick for president. Kennedy discussed the vice presidency with Arthur Schlesinger. Schlesinger thought that he should develop his own political base first, and Kennedy observed that the job "was really based on waiting around for someone to die".
In his first interview after the assassination Kennedy said he was not considering the vice presidency. During this time he said of the coalescing Johnson administration, "It's too early for me to even think about '64, because I don't know whether I want to have any part of these people Despite the fanfare within the Democratic Party, President Johnson was not inclined to have Kennedy on his ticket.
The two men disliked one another intensely, with feelings often described as "mutual contempt" that went back to their first meeting in and had only intensified during JFK's presidency. During a post-presidency interview with historian Doris Kearns Goodwin , Johnson claimed that Kennedy "acted like he was the custodian of the Kennedy dream" despite Johnson being seen as this after JFK was assassinated, arguing that he had "waited" his turn and Kennedy should have done the same.
Johnson recalled a "tidal wave of letters and memos about how great a vice president Bobby would be" being swept upon him, but knowing that he could not "let it happen" as he viewed the possibility of having Kennedy on the ticket as ensuring that he would never know if he could be elected "on my own". In July , Johnson issued an official statement ruling out all of his current cabinet members as potential running mates, judging them to be "so valuable In response to this statement, angry letters poured in directed towards both Johnson and his wife, Lady Bird , expressing disappointment at Kennedy being dropped from the field of potential running mates.
Nine months after his brother's assassination, Kennedy left the cabinet to run for a seat in the U. Senate representing New York, [] announcing his candidacy on August 22, , two days before that year's Democratic National Convention. He had considered the possibility of running since early spring, but also giving consideration to leaving politics altogether after the plane crash and injury of his brother Ted in June, two months earlier. Positive reception in Europe convinced him to remain in politics.
His opponent in the race was Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating , who attempted to portray Kennedy as an arrogant carpetbagger from Massachusetts. Kennedy drew attention in Congress early on as the brother of President Kennedy, which set him apart from other senators. He drew more than fifty senators as spectators when he delivered a speech in the Senate on nuclear proliferation in June Harris expected not to like Kennedy, the two became allies; Harris even called them "each other's best friends in the Senate".
Robert saw his brother as a guide on managing within the Senate and the arrangement worked to deepen their relationship.
The Era of Education: The Presidents and the Schools, by Lawrence J. McAndrews
While serving in the Senate, Kennedy advocated gun control. In May he co-sponsored S. Dodd , that would put federal restrictions on mail-order gun sales. Yet their very presence, the ease of their acquisition and the familiarity of their appearance have led to thousands of deaths each year. With the passage of this bill we will begin to meet our responsibilities. It would save hundreds of thousands of lives in this country and spare thousands of families…grief and heartache…. The bill forbade "mail order sale of guns to the very young, those with criminal records and the insane," according to The Oregonian ' s report.
Kennedy, paved the way for the eventual passage of the Gun Control Act of Kennedy and his staff had employed a cautionary "amendments—only" strategy for his first year in the senate. In and they took more direct legislative action, but were met with increasing resistance from the Johnson administration. News reported Kennedy's support of the Johnson administration's " Great Society " program through his voting record. On February 8, , Kennedy urged the United States to pledge that it would not be the first country to use nuclear weapons against countries that did not have them noting that China had made the pledge and the Soviet Union indicated it was also willing to do so.
In June , he visited apartheid-era South Africa accompanied by his wife, Ethel, and a few aides. The tour was greeted with international praise at a time when few politicians dared to entangle themselves in the politics of South Africa. He spoke out against the oppression of the native population, and was welcomed by the black population as though he were a visiting head of state. In an interview with Look magazine he said:. At the University of Natal in Durban , I was told the church to which most of the white population belongs teaches apartheid as a moral necessity.
A questioner declared that few churches allow black Africans to pray with the white because the Bible says that is the way it should be, because God created Negroes to serve. What then is our response? A quote from this address appears on his memorial at Arlington National Cemetery: On January 28, , Kennedy began a ten-day stay in Europe, meeting Harold Wilson in London and advising him to tell President Johnson about his belief that the ongoing Vietnam conflict was wrong.
Upon returning to the U. During his years as a senator, he helped to start a successful redevelopment project in poverty-stricken Bedford—Stuyvesant, Brooklyn , in New York City. Kennedy had difficulty securing support from President Johnson, whose administration was charged by Kennedy as having opposed a "special impact" program meant to bring about the federal progress that he had supported.
Kennedy's proposal that Semple claimed would "build more and better low-cost housing in the slums through private enterprise. To them it's all just politics. He also visited the Mississippi Delta as a member of the Senate committee reviewing the effectiveness of 'War on Poverty' programs, particularly that of the Economic Opportunity Act of Kennedy later engaged in an exchange with Kern County sheriff Leroy Galyen where he criticized the sheriff's deputies for taking photographs of "people on picket lines.
As a senator, he was popular among African Americans and other minorities including Native Americans and immigrant groups. He spoke forcefully in favor of what he called the "disaffected", [] the impoverished, [] and "the excluded", [] thereby aligning himself with leaders of the civil rights struggle and social justice campaigners, leading the Democratic party in pursuit of a more aggressive agenda to eliminate perceived discrimination on all levels.
He supported desegregation busing , integration of all public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of , and anti-poverty social programs to increase education, offer opportunities for employment, and provide health care for African Americans. Consistent with President Kennedy's Alliance for Progress , he also placed increasing emphasis on human rights as a central focus of U.
The JFK administration had backed U. While Kennedy vigorously supported his brother's earlier efforts, he never publicly advocated commitment of ground troops. Though bothered by the beginning of the bombing of North Vietnam in February , Kennedy did not wish to appear antipathetic to the president's agenda. In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation. The next month, John Paul Vann , a lieutenant colonel in the U.
Army , wrote that Kennedy "indicat[ed] comprehension of the problems we face", in a letter to the senator. Kennedy wanted to press the Johnson administration to do more, but Heymann insisted that the administration believed the "consequences of sitting down with the Viet Cong" mattered more than the prisoners they were holding captive. In the early part of , Kennedy traveled to Europe, where he had discussions about Vietnam with leaders and diplomats. A story leaked to the State Department that Kennedy was talking about seeking peace while President Johnson was pursuing the war.
Johnson became convinced that Kennedy was undermining his authority. He voiced this during a meeting with Kennedy, who reiterated the interest of the European leaders to pause the bombing while going forward with negotiations; Johnson declined to do so. He added that the view that Americans were fighting to end communism in Vietnam was "immoral". On February 8, , Kennedy delivered an address in Chicago, Illinois , where he critiqued Saigon "government corruption" and expressed his disagreement with the Johnson administration's stance that the war would determine the future of Asia.
Clifford's notes indicate that Kennedy was offering not to enter the ongoing Democratic presidential primary if President Johnson would admit publicly to having been wrong in his war policy and appoint "a group of persons to conduct a study in depth of the issues and come up with a recommended course of action"; [] Johnson rejected the proposal. Despite his criticism of the Vietnam War and the South Vietnam government, Kennedy also stated in his campaign brochure that he did not support either a simple withdrawal or a surrender in South Vietnam and favored instead a change in the course of action taken so it would bring an "honorable peace.
In , President Johnson prepared to run for re-election. In January, faced with what was widely considered an unrealistic race against an incumbent president, Kennedy stated that he would not seek the presidency. The weekend before the New Hampshire primary, Kennedy announced to several aides that he would attempt to persuade McCarthy to withdraw from the race to avoid splitting the antiwar vote, but Senator George McGovern urged Kennedy to wait until after that primary to announce his candidacy.
After much speculation, and reports leaking out about his plans, [] and seeing in McCarthy's success that Johnson's hold on the job was not as strong as originally thought, Kennedy declared his candidacy on March 16, , in the Caucus Room of the old Senate office building, the same room where his brother had declared his own candidacy eight years earlier. I run because I am convinced that this country is on a perilous course and because I have such strong feelings about what must be done, and I feel that I'm obliged to do all I can.
McCarthy supporters angrily denounced Kennedy as an opportunist. They believed that McCarthy had taken the most courageous stand by opposing the sitting president of his own party and that his surprising result in New Hampshire had earned him the mantle of being the anti-war candidate. Kennedy's announcement split the anti-war movement in two. Vice President Hubert Humphrey , a champion of the labor unions and a long supporter of civil rights, entered the race with the financial backing and critical endorsement of the party "establishment", including most members of Congress, mayors, governors, "the south", and several major labor unions.
Kennedy ran on a platform of racial and economic justice, non-aggression in foreign policy, decentralization of power, and social change. A crucial element of his campaign was an engagement with the young, whom he identified as being the future of a reinvigorated American society based on partnership and equality. His policy objectives did not sit well with the business community, where he was viewed as something of a fiscal liability, opposed as they were to the tax increases necessary to fund social programs.
At one of his university speeches Indiana University Medical School , he was asked, "Where are we going to get the money to pay for all these new programs you're proposing? It was this intense and frank mode of dialogue with which he was to continue to engage those whom he viewed as not being traditional allies of Democratic ideals or initiatives. In a speech at the University of Alabama, he argued, "I believe that any who seek high office this year must go before all Americans, not just those who agree with them, but also those who disagree, recognizing that it is not just our supporters, not just those who vote for us, but all Americans who we must lead in the difficult years ahead.
Edgar Hoover's Deputy Clyde Tolson reported as saying, "I hope that someone shoots and kills the son of a bitch.
Report to the American People on Civil Rights
Kennedy's presidential campaign brought out both "great enthusiasm" and anger in people. His message of change raised hope for some and brought fear to others. Kennedy wanted to be a bridge across the divide of American society. His bid for the presidency saw not only a continuation of the programs he and his brother had undertaken during the president's term in office, but also an extension of Johnson's Great Society.
Kennedy visited numerous small towns and made himself available to the masses by participating in long motorcades and street-corner stump speeches, often in troubled inner cities. He made urban poverty a chief concern of his campaign, which in part led to enormous crowds that would attend his events in poor urban areas or rural parts of Appalachia. The address was the first time Kennedy spoke publicly about his brother's killing. He was described as being the "only white politician to hear only cheers and applause. Kennedy scored a major victory when he won the California primary.
In a crowded kitchen passageway, Kennedy turned to his left and shook hands with busboy Juan Romero just as Sirhan Sirhan , a year-old Palestinian, [] opened fire with a. Kennedy was hit three times, and five other people were wounded. George Plimpton , former decathlete Rafer Johnson , and former professional football player Rosey Grier are credited with wrestling Sirhan to the ground after he shot the senator. Kennedy asked Romero, "Is everybody OK? Despite extensive neurosurgery to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain, Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1: PDT on June 6, nearly 26 hours after the shooting.
Robert Kennedy's death, like the assassination of his brother, President John F. Kennedy , has been the subject of conspiracy theories. Kennedy's body was returned to Manhattan, where it lay in repose at Saint Patrick's Cathedral from approximately The service was attended by members of the extended Kennedy family, President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird Johnson , and members of the Johnson cabinet. My brother need not be idealized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life; to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it.
Those of us who loved him and who take him to his rest today, pray that what he was to us and what he wished for others will some day come to pass for all the world. As he said many times, in many parts of this nation, to those he touched and who sought to touch him: I dream things that never were and say why not.
Kennedy's funeral train was pulled by two Penn Central GG1 electric locomotives. The train departed New York at As the vehicles entered the cemetery, people lining the roadway spontaneously lit candles to guide the motorcade to the burial site. The minute ceremony began at Officials at Arlington National Cemetery said that Kennedy's burial was the only night burial to have taken place at the cemetery.
After the president was interred in Arlington Cemetery, the two infants were buried next to him on December 5, , in a private ceremony without publicity. On June 9, President Lyndon B. Johnson assigned security staff to all U.
Secret Service was altered by Congress to include the protection of U. The couple had 11 children; Kathleen b. December , after her father's assassination. His widow, Ethel, and their children continued to live at Hickory Hill after his death. She now lives full-time at the Hyannis Port home.
Kennedy was said to be the gentlest and shyest of the family, as well as the least articulate orally. His mother had a similar concern, [24] as he was the "smallest and thinnest", but soon afterward, the family discovered "there was no fear of that". Kennedy was teased by his siblings, as in their family it was a norm for humor to be displayed in that fashion.
He would turn jokes on himself or remain silent. Even when arguing for a noble cause, his comments could have "a cutting quality". Although Joe Kennedy's most ambitious dreams centered around Bobby's older brothers, Bobby maintained the code of personal loyalty that seemed to infuse the life of his family. His competitiveness was admired by his father and elder brothers, while his loyalty bound them more affectionately close.
A rather timid child, he was often the target of his father's dominating temperament. Working on the campaigns of older brother John, he was more involved, passionate, and tenacious than the candidate himself, obsessed with detail, fighting out every battle, and taking workers to task. He had always been closer to John than the other members of the family. Kennedy's opponents on Capitol Hill maintained that his collegiate magnanimity was sometimes hindered by a tenacious and somewhat impatient manner. His professional life was dominated by the same attitudes that governed his family life: Schlesinger comments that Kennedy could be both the most ruthlessly diligent and yet generously adaptable of politicians, at once both temperamental and forgiving.
In this he was very much his father's son, lacking truly lasting emotional independence, and yet possessing a great desire to contribute. He lacked the innate self-confidence of his contemporaries yet found a greater self-assurance in the experience of married life, an experience that he stated had given him a base of self-belief from which to continue his efforts in the public arena. Upon hearing yet again the assertion that he was "ruthless", Kennedy once joked to a reporter, "If I find out who has called me ruthless I will destroy him. I think we all feel that when a witness comes before the United States Senate, he has an obligation to speak frankly and tell the truth.
To see people sit in front of us and lie and evade makes me boil inside. But you can't lose your temper; if you do, the witness has gotten the best of you. Attorney Michael O'Donnell wrote, "[Kennedy] offered that most intoxicating of political aphrodisiacs: He was blunt to a fault, and his favorite campaign activity was arguing with college students. To many, his idealistic opportunism was irresistible. In his earlier life, Kennedy had developed a reputation as the family's attack dog.
He was a hostile cross-examiner on Joseph McCarthy's Senate committee; a fixer and leg-breaker as JFK's campaign manager; an unforgiving and merciless cutthroat—his father's son right down to Joseph Kennedy's purported observation that "he hates like me. Kennedy's Catholicism was central to his politics and personal attitude to life and its purpose; he inherited his faith from his family. He was more religious than his brothers [90] and approached his duties with a Catholic worldview. Throughout his life, he made reference to his faith, how it informed every area of his life, and how it gave him the strength to re-enter politics following his older brother's assassination.
His was not an unresponsive and staid faith, but the faith of a Catholic Radical, perhaps the first successful Catholic Radical in American political history. In the last years of his life, he also found great solace in the playwrights and poets of ancient Greece, especially the writings of Aeschylus , [90] suggested to him by Jacqueline after JFK's death. Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God.
Richard Allen, [].
Kennedy was the first sibling of a president of the United States to serve as U. Biographer Evan Thomas wrote that, at times Kennedy misused his powers by "modern standards", but concluded, "on the whole, even counting his warts, he was a great attorney general. Kennedy has also been praised for his oratorical abilities [] and his skill at creating unity.
Palermo of The Huffington Post observed that Kennedy's words "could cut through social boundaries and partisan divides in a way that seems nearly impossible today. Johnston [] expressed the view that Kennedy, both in his speeches and actions, was unique in his willingness to take political risks. That blunt sincerity was said by associates to be authentic; Frank N. Magill wrote that Kennedy's oratorical skills lent their support to minorities and other disenfranchised groups who began seeing him as an ally.
Kennedy's assassination was a blow to the optimism for a brighter future that his campaign had brought for many Americans who lived through the turbulent s. Kennedy's death has been cited as a significant factor in the Democratic Party's loss of the presidential election.
Josh Zeitz of Politico observed, "Bobby Kennedy has since become an American folk hero—the tough, crusading liberal gunned down in the prime of life. Kennedy's and to a lesser extent his older brother's ideas about using government authority to assist less fortunate peoples became central to American liberalism as a tenet of the "Kennedy legacy".
In the months and years after Robert F. Kennedy's death, numerous roads, public schools, and other facilities across the United States have been named in his memory. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights was founded in , with an international award program to recognize human rights activists.
The sports stadium D. Stadium in Washington, D. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in On January 12, , a cent commemorative U. Postal Service stamp U. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing distributed ,, of the perforated, blue-and-white stamps an unusually-large printing. The stamp design was taken from a family photo suggested by his wife, Ethel Kennedy.
In , the United States Mint released a special dollar coin that featured his image on the obverse and the emblems of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Senate on the reverse. On November 20, , U. Kennedy Department of Justice Building , honoring Kennedy on what would have been his 76th birthday. They both spoke during the ceremony, as did Kennedy's eldest son, Joseph.
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In a further effort to remember Kennedy and continue his work helping disadvantaged, a small group of private citizens launched the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps in , which today helps more than abused and neglected children each year. A bust of Kennedy resides in the library of the University of Virginia School of Law where he obtained his law degree. On September 20, , the United States Navy announced the renaming of a refueling ship in honor of Kennedy during a ceremony attended by members of his family.
Personal items and documents from his office in the Justice Department Building are displayed in a permanent exhibit dedicated to him at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Papers from his years as attorney general, senator, peace and civil rights activist and presidential candidate, as well as personal correspondence, are also housed in the library.
Established in , the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives stored at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth contains thousands of copies of government documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act public disclosure process as well as manuscripts, photographs, audiotape interviews, video tapes, news clippings and research notes compiled by journalists and other private citizens who have investigated discrepancies in the case. Kennedy has been the subject of several documentaries and has appeared in various works of popular culture.
The film employs stock footage from his presidential campaign, and he is briefly portrayed by Dave Fraunces. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Kathleen Joseph Robert Jr. United States Senate election in New York, Kennedy presidential campaign, United States presidential election, and Democratic National Convention.
Assassination of Robert F. Grave of Robert F. His was a muscular liberalism, committed to an activist federal government but deeply suspicious of concentrated power and certain that fundamental change would best be achieved at the community level, insistent on responsibilities as well as rights, and convinced that the dynamism of capitalism could be the impetus for broadening national growth. The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 31, Retrieved February 22, Kennedy , Penguin Press, pp , —3, President of the Other America: Robert Kennedy and the Politics of Poverty.
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Surging Popularity for Kennedy". The Presidency, Assassination, and Lasting Legacy. Kennedy and 82 Days That Inspired America, ed. Archived from the original on December 20, You can remove the unavailable item s now or we'll automatically remove it at Checkout. Continue shopping Checkout Continue shopping. Chi ama i libri sceglie Kobo e inMondadori. Available in Russia Shop from Russia to buy this item. Or, get it for Kobo Super Points! Ratings and Reviews 0 0 star ratings 0 reviews. Overall rating No ratings yet 0.
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