Aurea templa: Der Apollo-Palatinus- und der Apollo-Sosianus-Tempel in Rom (German Edition)

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Archaeologists came across the metre-deep cavity while working to restore the decaying palace. The first photos of the cave show a richly decorated vault encrusted with mosaics and seashells. The Lupercal was probably converted to a sanctuary by Romans in later centuries. In November archaeologists unveiled photographs of the cave. Partially collapsed and decorated with seashells and colored marble, the vaulted sanctuary is buried 16 metres inside the Palatine hill.

A white eagle was found atop the sanctuary's vault. Most of the sanctuary is collapsed or filled with earth, but laser scans allowed experts to estimate that the circular structure has a height of 8 metres and a diameter of 7. Henner von Hesberg head of the German Archaeological Institute, Rome [18] denied the identification of the grotto with Lupercal on topographic and stylistic grounds. They concluded that the grotto is actually a nymphaeum or underground triclinium from Neronian times. A schematic map of Rome showing the seven hills and the Servian Wall Plan of the Palatine Palaces on the Palatine Palatine Hill from Colosseum Massive retaining walls extended the area on the Palatine available for the Imperial building complex.

It stands 40 metres[1] above the Roman Forum, looking down upon it on one side, and upon the Circus Maximus on the other. A palatine or palatinus in Latin; plural palatini; cf. In the Early Middle Ages the title became attached to courts beyond the imperial one; one of the highest level of officials in the papal administration were called the judices palatini.

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Schematic map of Rome showing the seven hills The seven hills of Rome Italian: Sette colli di Roma , Latin: The seven hills are: History Tradition holds that Romulus and Remus founded the original city on the Palatine Hill on April 21st, BC, and that the seven hills were first occupied by small settlements that were not grouped nor recognized as a city calle The Alexamenos graffito The Alexamenos graffito also known as the graffito blasfemo, or blasphemous graffito [1]: The Greek inscription approximately translates to "Alexamenos worships [his] god,"[5] indicating that the graffito was apparently meant to mock a Christian named Alexamenos.

In the top right of the image is what has been interpreted as either the Greek letter upsilon or a t The Aventine Hill ; Latin: Aventino is one of the Seven Hills on which ancient Rome was built. It belongs to Ripa, the twelfth rione, or ward, of Rome. Location and boundaries Schematic map of Rome showing the seven hills and Servian Wall. The Aventine Hill is the southernmost of Rome's seven hills. It has two distinct heights, one greater to the northwest and one lesser to the southeast, divided by a steep cleft that provides the base for an ancient roadway between the heights.

During the Republican era, the two hills may have been recognized as a single entity. Servius identifies two kings of that The location of the Velia is indicated on this speculative map of Rome circa BC. An alternate theory is that the Velia was actually the eastern half of the Palatine[2]. Description The Velian was reckoned as one of the seven hills on which the Septimontium was celebrated. A primitive grave found in near the Arch of Titus lay at about 28 metres above sea-level, whereas virgin soil was found in the lowest par Lupa Capitolina "The Capitoline Wolf": The she-wolf is of unknown origin, the suckling twins were added circa The Lupercal from Latin lupa "female wolf" was a cave at the southwest foot of the Palatine Hill in Rome, located somewhere between the temple of Magna Mater and the Sant'Anastasia al Palatino.

Luperci, the priests of Faunus, celebrated certain ceremonies of the Lupercalia at the cave, from the earliest days of the City until at least AD. Modern discovery In January , Italian archaeologist Irene Iacopi announced that she had probably found the legendary cave beneath the remains of Emperor Augustus's house, the Domus Livia, on the Palatine. Archaeologists came across the meter-deep cavity while working to restore the decaying palace.

A palatine palatine guard was a high-level official attached to imperial or royal courts in Europe since Roman times. Palatine may also or more specifically refer to: Nero's Torches by Henryk Siemiradzki. According to Tacitus, Nero targeted Christians as those responsible for the fire. It caused widespread devastation in the city on 18 July,[1] before being brought under control after six days. Differing accounts either blame Emperor Nero for initiating the fire or credit him with organizing measures to contain it and provide relief for refugees.

According to Tacitus and later Christians, Nero blamed the devastation on the Christian community in the city, initiating the empire's first persecution against the Christians. The primary accounts, which possibly included histories written by Fabius Rusticus, Marcus Cluvius Rufus and Pliny the Elder, did not survive. At least five separate stories circulate regarding Nero and the fire: Motivated by a desire to dest Marcus Tullius Cicero[n 1] ; Classical Latin: He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.

Though he was an accomplished orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was his most important achievement. It was during his consulship that the second Catilinarian conspiracy atte The ground-floor entrance is at right, and the twin domes are above the aviaries on the third floor of the structure.

The Farnese Gardens Italian: They were the first private botanical gardens in Europe; the first botanical gardens of any kind in Europe were started by Italian universities in the midth century, only a short time before. Alessandro Farnese was appointed Cardinal Deacon of the Roman Catholic Church in at the age of 14, by Paul III, his grandfather, who had been elected to the papacy two months previously. He is remembered for being an antiquarian who assembled the greatest collection of Roman sculpture assembled in private Julia Drusilla Classical Latin: One-year-old Julia Drusilla was assassinated along with her parents on 24 January Life Named after her late aunt and her father's favorite sister, Julia Drusilla, Julia was born not long after Caligula married Caesonia some sources have her being born on the same day as the marriage.

The date of her parents' marriage has not been determined for certain, but it is known that it was sometime in the summer of AD The reason for Caligula's hasty marriage with the neither young nor b The region runs from northwest to southeast and is about kilometres long, but only 7 to 35 kilometres wide[1] and lies mainly in the Bavarian administrative provinces of Upper Franconia and Upper Palatinate; small elements, however, also lie within the Thuringian county of Sonneberg. Its best known settlements are from northwest to southeast Sonneberg in the extreme northeast , Kulmbach, Marktzeuln near Lichtenfels at the northwest edge , Bayreuth, Weiden Ostrand , Amberg and Schwandorf.

Rome in BC: Hypothetical location of Roma Quadrata black line. Roma quadrata Latin, "Square Rome" was an area, or perhaps a structure, within the original pomerium of the ancient city of Rome. It apparently dated to the earliest stage of the city's formation. The original meaning had already become obscure to both Latin and Greek historians by the late Roman Republic 2nd century BC.

Primary Sources Varro ap. Colosseum to right North side, from the Colosseum West side East side, Forum behind Relief panels, round reliefs and frieze over left west arch, from south Round reliefs and frieze over right east arch, from south Arch of Constantino The Arch of Constantine Italian: Arco di Costantino is a triumphal arch in Rome, situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. Though dedicated to Constantine, much of the decorative material incorporated earlier work from the time of the emperors Trajan 98— , Hadrian — and Marcus Aurelius — , and is thus a collage.

Schematic map of Rome showing the seven hills and Servian wall. The Caelian Hill ; Latin: In Republican-era Rome the Caelian Hill was a fashionable residential district and the site of residences of the wealthy. Archaeological work under the Baths of Caracalla have uncovered the remains of lavish villas complete with murals and mosaics. The Caelian is also the site of the Basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo and the ancient basilica of Santo Stefano Rotondo, known for its centralized, circular plan. A significant area of the hill is taken up by Villa Celimontana and its gardens.

Romulus was the legendary founder and first king of Rome. Various traditions attribute the establishment of many of Rome's oldest legal, political, religious, and social institutions to Romulus and his contemporaries. Although many of these traditions incorporate elements of folklore, and it is not clear to what extent a historical figure underlies the mythical Romulus, the events and institutions ascribed to him were central to the myths surrounding Rome's origins and cultural traditions.

Traditional account The myths concerning Romulus involve several distinct episodes and figures: Romulus and Remus Romulus and Remus, his twin brother, were the sons of Rhea Silvia, herself the daughter of Numitor, the former k These replaced the four regiones or "quarters" traditionally attributed to Servius Tullius, sixth King of Rome. They were further divided into official neighborhoods vici. The 14 regions Currently ancient Rome covers the modern municipio 1. Beginning from this to the south of the Caelian Hill, it runs to the future track of the Aurelian Walls.

It is a northwestern residential suburb of Chicago. As of the census, the village had a total population of 65, In the census its population had risen to 68,,[5] making it the seventh-largest community in Cook County[6] and the 18th-largest in the state of Illinois. Ela was one of the first of a wave of pioneers to migrate to northern Illinois following the Black Hawk War.

A road which passes through the western edge of Palatine is called Ela Road in his honor. The Village of Palatine was founded in It was built around a station on the new Chicago and North Western Railway. Joel Wood surveyed and laid out the village, earning him the title of Palatine's founder. This is a list of ancient monuments from republican and imperial periods in the city of Rome, Italy. The Domus Aurea Latin, "Golden House" was a vast landscaped palace built by the Emperor Nero in the heart of ancient Rome after the great fire in 64 AD had destroyed a large part of the city and the aristocratic villas on the Palatine Hill.

When the edifice was finished in this style and he dedicated it, he deigned to say nothing more in the way of approval than that he had at last begun to live like a human being. Some scholars place it at over acres 1. The remains of the Septizodium in a print of , just prior to its demolition. The Domus Severiana is the modern name given to the final extension to the imperial palaces on the Palatine Hill in Rome, built to the south-east of the Stadium Palatinum in the Domus Augustana of Septimius Severus.

It included the Baths of Septimius Severus Latin: All that remains of the building are the imposing brick substructures at the corner of the hill, which created an artificial platform at the same level as the palace of Domitian, extending it, since the emperors had run out of space on the hill.

There are very few remains of the building itself, which was then built on the terrace under the substructures. They were part of an imperial baths complex or thermae, now visible in the remains below the exedra of the Stadium Palatinum, which may have been built under Domitian and which was r The domus publica, where the Pontifex Maximus dwelled, was located near the Atrium until that role was assumed by the emperors.

The Atrium Vestae was a three-story room palace in the ancient Roman Forum built around an elegant elongated atrium or court with a double pool. To the very east is an open vaulted hall with a statue of Numa Pompilius, the mythological founder of the cult. The complex lay at the foot of the Palatine Hill, where a sacred grove that was slowly encroached upon lingered into Imperial times, when all was swept away by the Fire of Rome in The House of the Vestals was reb Plan of the Palatine buildings Domus Augustana: However, it would seem that only the southern section of this domus was reserved for the private quarters of the emperor.

The two peristyles to the north were likely to have public functions as they were directly connected with the Domus Flavia. This hypothesis is reinforced by the fact that the southern section was built a little later and some details suggest that it was not Rabirius who directed the work. Historically, this house has been identified as the primary place of residence for the emperor Augustus. This residence contained a complex of structures that were situated around the Temple of Apollo Palatinus.

His excavations, part of a larger program commissioned by Napoleon III, included a superficial excavation of the Domus Augusti, located to the south. In , Alfonso Bartoli did further surveys of the area and found archaeological remnants of collapsed vaults. Foro Romano , is a rectangular forum plaza surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space, originally a marketplace, as the Forum Magnum, or simply the Forum.

For centuries the Forum was the center of day-to-day life in Rome: Here statues and monuments commemorated the city's great men.

The teeming heart of ancient Rome, it has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history. Nero commissioned a metre ft tall bronze statue resembling himself and the Roman sun god, Sol. He holds a rudder on the globe which is a symbolic gesture of his power over land and sea. This is an artist's impression as no images have survived to the present day. Image and map from National Geographic magazine, September It is shown from the front, with four stories: La Lupa Capitolina "the Capitoline Wolf". Traditional scholarship says the wolf-figure is Etruscan, 5th century BC.

Recent studies suggest that the she-wolf may be a medieval sculpture dating from the 13th century AD. Altar to Mars divine father of Romulus and Remus and Venus their divine ancestress depicting elements of their legend. Tiberinus, the Father of the Tiber and the infant twins being suckled by a she-wolf in the Lupercal are below. A vulture from the contest of augury and Palatine hill are to the left. From Ostia, now at the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme. The killing of Remus by h Colle Vaticano is a hill located across the Tiber river from the traditional seven hills of Rome.

It is the location of St. Varro's rather complicated explanation relates this function to the tutelary deity of the place and to the advanced powers of speech possessed by a prophet vates , as preserved by the later antiquarian Aulus G It was only the second temple in Rome dedicated to the god, after the Temple of Apollo Sosianus. It was sited next to the Temple of Cybele.

It was dedicated on October 9, 28 BC. The ludi saeculares, reinstituted by Augustus in 17 BC and also largely developed and funded by him, involved the new temple. Augustus' private house was directly connected to the terrace of the sanctuary via frescoed halls and corridors. This tight connection between the sanctuary and the house of the princeps, both dominating She has three siblings: Mackinley and Chase are also models.

When she was 16 she graduated from Pomona High School in Arvada. She has been in print campaigns for Forever Ancient Roman temples were built during antiquity by the people of ancient Rome or peoples belonging to the Roman Empire. These temples were dedicated to divinities from the Roman pantheon. The Temple of Apollo in Pompeii. Mount Vesuvius is to the far left.

Roman temple of Vic, part original, with parts restored Ceiling of Temple of Jupiter, Diocletian's Palace, Split Reconstruction of Pagans Hill Roman Temple, Somerset, a Romano-Celtic temple Temple of Saturn, Roman Forum, 8 impressive columns and architrave remain standing Capitoleum of Dougga, Tunisia Most of the best survivals had been converted to churches and sometimes later mosques , which some remain. Rural areas in the Islamic world have some good remains, which had been left largely undisturbed. In Spain some remarkable discoveries Vic, Cordoba, Barcelona were made in the 19th century when old buildings being reconstructed or demolished were foun Orcus mouth in the Gardens of Bomarzo.

Orcus was a god of the underworld, punisher of broken oaths in Italic and Roman mythology. As with Hades, the name of the god was also used for the underworld itself. In the later tradition, he was conflated with Dis Pater. Orcus was portrayed in paintings in Etruscan tombs as a hairy, bearded giant. A temple to Orcus may have existed on the Palatine Hill in Rome.

It is likely that he was transliterated from the Greek daemon Horkos, the personification of Oaths and a son of Eris. The origins of Orcus may have lain in Etruscan religion.

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The so-called Tomb of Orcus, an Etruscan site at Tarquinia, is a misnomer, resulting from its first discoverers mistaking as Orcus a hairy, bearded giant that was actually a figure of a Cyclops. The Romans sometimes conflated Orcus with other gods such as Pluto, Hades, and Dis Pater, god of the land of the dead. It is part of the Saar-Nahe Uplands.

Wendel in the state of Saarland to the west and three towns belonging to Rhineland-Palatinate: Alzey to the east, Kaiserslautern to the south and Bad Kreuznach to the north, although these towns are not actually within the region itself. To the northwest its boundary with Naheland is not always clear. The North Palatine Uplands fal Villanovan culture cinerary hut-urn, showing the likely shape of Romulus' Hut in Rome: Domus Transitoria on the Oppian Hill History The palace was intended to connect all of the imperial estates, which had been acquired in various ways, with the Palatine including the Horti of Maecenas and Horti Lamiani, Lolliani, etc.

Layout and Discovery A few isolated parts of the palace have been discovered but the overall plan remains unclear. Cryptoporticus of Nero, Palatine Temple of Venus and Rome 5 metres below Hadrian's Temple of Venus and Rome a sumptuous rotunda belonging to the palace was discovered in , cut through by foundations of the Domus Aurea. Rome Latin and Italian: Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region. It is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits.

It is the centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4. The Vatican City the smallest country in the world [3] is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: While Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at around BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the olde The Palace of Domitian or Flavian Palace as other Flavian emperors also had a hand in its construction sits atop the Palatine Hill, and was built as Domitian's imperial palace.

Designed by the architect, Rabirius, the Palace is a massive three-part structure, separated to allow business matters and private life to be conducted in parallel.

Palatine Hill

The modern names used for these parts are: The structure is near the House of Augustus. The palace was built on top of earlier buildings, notably Nero's Domus Transitoria and the Republican House of the Griffins, significant remains of which have been discovered. Under Severus a large extension was added along the southwestern slope of the hill overlooking the Circus Maximus, but otherwise the bulk of the Palace as constructed under Domitian remained remarkably intact for the remainder of the Empire.

The Palace functioned as the official residence of the Roman Emperors until the fall of the Western Luedders served as conductor and music director until John Trudeau, then a teacher at Portland State University, became conductor and music director in Trudeau served as conductor and music director for fourteen years, ending in Huw Edwards held the position for twelve years, from to The Buckingham Palace in London, the royal seat of United Kingdom's monarchy The Schwerin Palace in Germany, historical ducal residence of Mecklenburg since Ambavilas Palace, famous as Mysore Palace, the official residence of Maharajas of Mysore since The Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, in Spain, is a renacentist complex that has functioned as a royal palace, monastery, basilica, pantheon, library, museum, university and hospital.

A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. Many historic palaces are now put to other uses such as parliaments, museums, hotels, or office buildings. The word is also sometimes used to describe a lavishly ornate buildi The Arch of Titus Italian: Arco di Tito; Latin: It was constructed in c. Without contemporary documentation, however, attributions of Roma The Circus Maximus Latin for greatest or largest circus; Italian: RICH although an earlier date is not impossible.

On Octavian announced in his addresses to th implement the haruspices' ruling by making pu where the lightning had struck and building th by porticoes. After making public the land designated for the sanctuary of Apollo, Octavian still retained for his own residence property extending well beyond the original Hortensian house. This was a signal honour: Such a refusal enabled him to make a show of modesty, while ensuring that he continued to live in proximity to the projected sanctuary.

He later made his residence itself public property, part in 12 B. Such temples were often built from mander's spoils manubiae , but arrangements for contracts and dedicatio the discretion of the senate. Eleven temples are known to vowed by commanders in the period alone, but in the rest of t century such temples became less common.

Degrassi, 'La dimora sul Palatino e la base di Sorrento', Rend. Topographie, formation et imaginaire des palais im Palatin Rome , , , ; P. Weinstock, Divus Julius Oxford, , Price, Religions of Rome Cambridge, , 1. More generally and public building see D. Numerous commanders undertook triumphs, from L. Munatius Plancus triumphed 43 to triumph in 19 B. Cornificius, following triumphs in 33 or D Augustus rebuilt or restored numerous temples and carr works in the city of Rome in his or others' names. Augustus stated in the Res Gestae Both Ovid and Suetonius tell us that the temple was built in accordance with a vow made at the battle of Philippi in However, Ovid goes on to say that the god earned his title of Ultor 'Avenger' a second time when the Parthians were compelled to return the captured Roman standards, and, as Augustus himself tells us, the recovered standards were eventually 16 Cic.

For overviews see Zanker, Power of Images n. Purcell, CAH , ; D. For the individual buildings see LTUR. Le sculturefrontonali del tempio di Apollo Sosianus Rome, ; A. The rebuilding of the temple of Neptune by a Cn. Domitius has often been dated to the triumviral period, but was probably earlier: Nielsen , A. RICH housed in the temple. When it received the new decreed the erection of a small temple of Mars and any future recovered standards. Thus the tradition of the templ only one element in the complex genesis of the As we saw in the previous section, Octavian an temple to Apollo on the Palatine on his return Pompeius in Many scholars have inferred fr or immediately after the battle of Naulochus.

In the first place, and people which Octavian made on arrival wer show, wide ranging, and not limited to the recen credited with the Naulochus victory, and it w associated with this success. Artemisium, a rural sanctuary of Artemis Phacelitis close to Mylae, played a part in the land manoeuvres that preceded the decisive naval battle off Naulochus. Cornificius, who was one of Octavian's legates in the Naulochus campaign, to choose the Aventine temple of Diana for rebuilding after his later triumph. An aureus of the IMP CAESAR series issued about the time of the Actium war has a bust of Diana on the obverse and on the reverse a temple enclosing a military trophy on a naval base; in the pediment of the temple stands a triskeles, the three-legged emblem of Sicily, clearly identifying the victory in question as Naulochus.

Schafer, Spolia et Signa. Baupolitik und Reichskultur nach dem Parthererfolg des Augustus G6ttingen, Gurval, Actium and Augustus. On the sanctuary, whose precise location remains unknown, see R. Wilson, Sicily under the Roman Empire Warminster, , , On this issue as attesting Diana's link with Naulochus see especially L.

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T show figures of Apollo the lyre-player and Diana the huntr of Apollo is the legend ACT and under that of Diana the le Diana participated in the Palatine cult of her brother 2. However, the temple was Apollo's and the victory temple was to be built not because of the victory, but beca wish for it through the lightning strike. Thus the temple of Apollo Palatinus does not belong i temples resulting from commanders' victories. It woul Octavian had chosen to commemorate in this way a conflic war and which he sought to represent as a war against pira must now explore other possible precedents in the Roman III.

Firstly, aediles sometimes built temples as well as other monuments on their own initiative from the proceeds of fines: The recorded temple foundations of this kind are: Apollo decreed and Aesculapius decreed , both in response to plague; Venus Erycina, Mens, and Magna Mater, all decreed during the Second Punic War; and Venus Verticordia, decreed in following the conviction of Vestals for unchastity.

That these decrees followed consultation of the Sibylline Books is likely for Apollo and attested in the remaining cases. Trillmich, in Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik n. Coarelli has now abandoned his suggestion that the depiction of a temple commemorates a restoration of the temple of Diana in the Circus Flaminius in honour of the victory: RIC 12 Augustus , , RIC 12 Augustus , , , On these issues and the possibility that they reflect a monument at an unknown location see below at n.

The building of one of Octavian's temples was in authorization, but in circumstances quite differe and for which only Romulus-Quirinus formed Divus lulius in February 44, shortly before his secration was confirmed and it was decreed tha Forum on the spot where he had been cremated.

The Palatine templ response to and on the site of a lightning strike, following Augustus' narrow escape from a lightn Spain in In the first place, the Republican the senate, but we do not hear of any senatorial i the temples of Apollo Palatinus and luppiter To of the projected Palatine temple was, as we hav speeches delivered to the senate and people. A different priestly g Palatine temple, namely the haruspices. We are well informed about the Republican ha ularly for the period B.

Opimius' founding or refounding of suppression of C. Gracchus and his associates, may hav not told that the Sibylline Books were consulted. ILS 72 from Aesern was voted by senate and people. Fishwick, The Im , , and M. Clauss, Kaiser und Gott: Herrsche , with further bibliography. Dedication in 22 B. D Augustus 59, On the temple see Richardson A.

Grace, Etrurie et Rome Paris, ; J. Roman Religion Oxford, , ; B. Livy, Tacitus and Ammianus This content downloaded from Wiilker analysed the reported instances as follows: The Palatine lightning strike was on private property, but we do not elsewhere hear of such events on private land being accepted as a public prodigy. No clear pattern can be discerned for the methods of expiation selected for lightning prodigies, whichever group of advisers was followed. However, at least one Republican temple must have been founded in response to a lightning prodigy, namely that of Summanus, the Roman god of night lightning.

Cicero and the Livian Periocha tell us that, when a terracotta statue of Summanus on the roof of the Capitoline temple of Jupiter was struck by lightning and its head broken off and lost, the haruspices located it in the Tiber. Its position in the Periocha dates this episode between Pyrrhus' withdrawal to Sicily in B. Thulin, Die Etruskische Disciplin , repr.

Darmstadt, , remains the fundamental account of the haruspices and their lore; see also his more succinct statement at RE s. Pfiffig, Religio Etrusca Graz, , , On their doctrine relating to lightning see also S. On the Roman use of haruspices see especially J. North, 'Diviners and divination at Rome', in M. Haack, Les haruspices dans le monde romain Paris, Rodriguez-Almeida, 'Tra epigrafia, filologia, storia et topografia urbana: However, Suetonius' word exanimasset Aug.

On variations in methods of expiation see MacBain n. Summanus and luppiter Fulgur thus afford parti foundations. With luppiter Tonans Augustus e Jupiter in his guise as god of thunder and lightni was founded following haruspical interpretation for Summanus the involvement of the haruspices is statue's head. It may also have been they who r temple, but we cannot confidently infer this, in more than one group of priestly experts over oth with the Palatine temple, there was no suggesti should be founded on the spot where the lightnin Another obscure Republican temple provides a foundation.

According to Cicero, the temple of founded in response to the discovery at a nearb inscription Honoris. The decision have been taken by the senate. Priestly experts w the haruspices. It was both Etruscan and Roman practice that struck should be enclosed and either covered or, le numerous such stone enclosures have been found, conditum. The term bidental was used of some 43 Cic. Garci , , Manacorda, 'I1 tempio di Vulcano in Campo Marzio 3.

The cult of luno Curit from Falerii on its capture in , but there is no good luppiter Fulgur, as Coarelli argues. Palomb This content downloaded from However, it is readily understandable that further taken when such an occurrence took place on land which Octavian had acquired as part of his residence. We do not know who consulted the haruspices about the P The consultation could have been ordained by the senate, f the occurrence as a public prodigy. However, since the even temple was merely announced by Octavian rather than mad seems more likely that he himself initiated the consultatio ded, as Suetonius tells us, that the site was 'desired by the g response may not have unambiguously indicated a requirem even have been compatible with a stone enclosure of the tr constituted sufficient justification for Octavian to embark o It is not surprising that Octavian should have turned to th should have been ready to respond in terms that would plea to frame their answers in accordance with the expectatio them would not have been novel, and they, like diviners in been able to achieve this without conscious fraud, provi were at least in accord with their lore.

Octavi membership of that priesthood is attested by the tripod sy However, he may not yet have felt sufficiently confident group to feel sure that such a consultation would yield th private consultation of haruspices gave him the possibility o consulted. Octavian had doubtless already established the good relations with the haruspices, which he would maintain throughout his reign. This version co-opted haruspical support for the Caesarian cause, although another less favourable account of the episode survives. Pietrangeli, 'Bidentalia', Rend Pont.

Mingazzini, 'Fulgur conditum e bidental, nonche l'etimologia del nome bidental', in Gli archeologi italiani in onore di A. Maiuri Cava dei Tirreni, , An instance of the open enclosure type may have been the Puteal Scribonianum in the Forum Romanum, reputed to be on the site of a lightning strike: Coarelli, II Foro Romano. Periodo repubblicano e augusteo Rome, , ; L. La religion etrusque, dernier rempart du paganisme romain Paris , ; Haack n. In general on emperors and portents see now A.

Vigourt, Les presages impiriaux d'Auguste a' Domitien Paris, Marcus Aurelius mentions haruspices as Maecenas is represented as commending them to composed for him. Apollo was already established as Oct patron divinity, and the haruspices compliantly named him. But the matte further consideration. Is it so certain that Octavian had already chosen Apollo if he had, how readily did this interpretation of the lightning strike accord w Etruscan disciplina?

The evidence for Octavian's association with Apollo before 36 is in fact quite as Gurval has recently stressed. The interpreters, styled uates by Plin tLvmEts by Dio, were doubtless haruspices. Further haruspical responses during Augustus' reign are reported Aug. Torelli, Elogia Tarquiniensia Florence, , who argues for a Republican date.

For the transfer of the Sibylline books Suet. The case for Octavian's pre association with the god i cogently made by Taylor n. Gage, Apollon romain , ; Weinstock, Divus Julius n.

Military ranks of ancient Rome

Bertrand-Ecanvil, 'Pr6sages et propagande ideologique. Despite Servius there is no good reason to detect a reference to Octavian in the proclamation of a reign o at Verg.

The story is attested by Suet. Domitius Marsus about Atia F7 Courtney: On the Ati see now G. Suetonius cites as his sources a letter of and some anonymous verses, which he quotes. He goes on to took place at a time of famine in the city of Rome, and th had eaten all the food and that Octavian was Apollo the Tor famine suggests a date in the period when Sex. P disrupting the corn supply to the city. However, although m seriously, the banquet story is surely apocryphal and was p period after 36, as relations between Antony and Octavian traded insults.

However, de evidence, it remains more likely that Octavian had already f that in naming Apollo the haruspices were giving the an wanted. As we have noted, the haruspices would have found no di who consulted them the response they sought, providing it disciplina.

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