El caracol lento (Primeros Lectores (1-5 Años) - Mi Primera Sopa De Libros) (Spanish Edition)

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The di'phthong ua in the English word suavity, retains the. The learner can judge from this example and the last syllable of the word rejoice, what is meant by each vowel retaining its own particular sound in diphthongs and triphthongs, though such a combination forms, of course, but one syllable. Thus in the Spanish word causa, the letters cau compose but one syllable, and the diphthong au is pronounced like a in bar and u in rude the regular Spanish sounds of a and u ; and being uttered quickly, by a single impulse of the voice, the sound of au is similar to that of ow in the English word how, though not exactly the same.

This he can learn to do by pronouncing quickly the words they-are so as to form only one syllable, and the ey-a will be the exact sounil of the Spanish diphthong ea. The letters ai or ay are to be pronounced together, as a in far and e in me; that is, as ay in bay would sound if the a had the sound of a in bar, and the y the sound of y in toy not the mute y as in hay. And so with all the diphthongs and triphthongs. The pro- nunciation in both cases is the same, and we have not increased the list by distinguishing those ending in i from those ending in y.

Thus the word idea, in Spanish and English, forms three syllables. In Spanish it is pronounced ec ddy-ah. The rules of Spanish syllabication are very simple. They are the following: This rule is subject to the following exception: When any one of the letters b, Z, w, 71, or r, is fol- lowed by s and another consonant, or when s is preceded by any consonant, and succeeded by one or more, in com- pound words, the s is to be connected with the consonant which comes before it ; as, Covs-tdn-za, cons-tre-nir, ins-pi- rdr. There are no silent vowels or consonants, as in the Enfiflish words thumbs ii rone, psalm.

In Spanish, the voice never rests or prolongs itself on any other letter of a syllable than a vowel. In the case of diphthongs and triphthongs, when in accented syllables, the accent or stress of voice is generally placed on that vowel which we have marked in the list of diphthongs and triphthongs. The rules of Spanish accentuation are few and sim- ple, and as follows: These are accented as if written ca-liz.

Words that end in a vowel are accented on the syl- lable next to the last, without any marked accent over it ; as, r astro, track ; hoja, leaf ; buitre, vulture ; temper amento, temperature ; ente, being ; accented as if written rds-tro, bui-tre, iem-pe-ra-men-to, en-te, etc.

Words which end with y jave the accent on the 1. In adverbs of quality or manner endng in mente, some follow the regular rule 56, 6 , and others retain the accent on the first part of the word, on the same syllable on which it would be if mente were not affixed ; as, su-cin-ta-men-te, succinctly ; li-be-ral-men'te, liberally ; bas- tdn-te-men-te, sufficiently ; cier-ta-men-te, certainly. There are two exceptions to this remark, car de- ter and regimen ; their plurals being accented caracteres and regimenes.

The above rules are applicable to all parts of speech except the persons of verbs ; these are accented according to the following rules: The learner must therefore keep in mind that every word which has not a marked accent over some vowel in it, is to be accented in pronouncing it, if it end in a consonant, on the last syllable ; if it end in a vowel, on the syllable next the last. The comma, semicolon, colon, period, etc.

The marks of interrogation and exclamation are placed in Spanish both before and after interrogative and ejaculatory phrases or sentences ;t as, i Este canape no es nuevo? Is not this sofa new? The tilde " is used over the 7i when this letter haa fhe sound of ni in union ; as, dano. The acute accent ' is placed over vowels, not to alter their sound, but to indicate the syllable on which the stress of voice is laid in pronouncing certain words ; as, orden, But the alterations in orthography no longer require this mark.

Every vowel especially must be sounded distinctly, even more so than the consonants, if any difference be made. Monosyllables, such as Ze, me, mi, si, se, que, are not to be hurried over, like the, to, me, etc. Such words as the learner will be most liable to mispronounce, are, in the first of the following reading lessons, followed by the number of the paragraph which will be found to contain the proper directions for their right pronunciation.

Words of one sellable: Words accented on the syllable next to the last: Man-to ; ma-fia 20 ;. Words accented on the last syllable: Words accented on the syllable marked: Las-ti-ma ; es-pi-ri-tu ; nu-me-ro ; ca-ma-ra ; ul-ti-mo ; in-va-li-do ; ge-ne-ra-li-si-mo 15 ; bar-ba-ro ; pu-ri-si-ma ; ge-ne-ro 15 ; ter-mi-no ; cre-di-to ; ma-le-vo-lo ; re-pii-bli- ca ; re-gi-men 15 ; en-er-gi-co 15 ; di-fi-ci-li-si-ma ; me- ta-fi-si-co ; ma-te-ma-ti-co ; fiso-fo ; gi-ca ; ri-di-cu-la ; cri-ti-co ; a-na-li-sis ; do-mes-ti-ca ; obs-ta-cu-lo.

All the sounds of Spanish letters: Gente ; iiorio ; cholla ; dijo ; buey ; voy ; muy ; hay ; cuota ; Imea ; julio ; reo ; ciudad ; social ; zuzo ; yugo ; gueta ; aguelo ; qiiesto ; sex 6 ; fixa ; qui ; que ; cuanto ; heroe; puerto ; deuda ; causais ; varieis ; preciais ; santi- guais ; bien ; rey. El nombre se saciard de bieiies, fruto de su boca ; mas el alma de los pre varicad ores es inicua.

Quien guarda su boca, guarda su alma: Quiere y no quiere el perezoso: La justicia guarda el camino del inocente: Hay quien parece rico, no teniendo nada ; y hay quien parece pobre, teniendo muchas riquezas. El rescate de la vida del hombre so7i sus riquezas ; mas el que es pobre, no aguanta la amenaza.

La luz de los justos da alegria: The verbs are in italice. The plurals have the marked accent. La riqueza hecha de prisa se menoscabard: The sound of d see 12 is so nearly like the English sound of the same letter, that it is hardly worth while for the private learner to make any effort to give any different sound to this letter from that which he has been accustomed to give it. The same may be said of the letters t see 25 and v see All the consonants are pronounced a little more softly in Spanish than in English — so that h seems to sound almost like V ; and y when a consonant almost like j, as this letter is pronounced in English.

Sy In certain provinces of Spain, the c before e and i, and the z are sounded Uke s and z in English ; and in the Spanish States of America originally colonized from those provinces , the same peculiarity of pro- nunciation is quite common. In Mexico, the liquid sound of II is, by the great mass of the people, pronounced like the modern French sound of the same liquid: Pure Castilian, however, re quires the c, z, and U to be sounded as we have directed. There are in the Spanish language nine dijffereni Parts of Speech, viz. The Article is placed before a noun to enlarge or limit the extent of its signification ; as, cl hombre, the man ; la muger, the woman ; las casas, the houses ; un hijo, a son ; una hija, a daughter.

The Article is generally divided into the definite and indefinite kinds: Nouns are of two kinds, common and proper. A common noun is the name of a whole class of objects: A proper noun is the individual name applied to a particular person or thing ; as, Juan, John ; Inglaterra, England. Nouns have two numbers, the singular and the plural. The sin- gular number denotes but one object; as, sombrero, hat. The plural signifies more objects than one ; as, sombreros, hats. The masculine includes all nouns that belong to the male kind, and all that take the masculine article before them: Thus, as may be seen above, libro, a book, is masculine, and silla, a chair, is feminine.

The cases of nouns express the different relations of one thing to another. The nomuiative case is the word which is the subject of the verb; as, el dgua hierve, the water boils; el Frances habla, the french- man talks. The objective case is the word which is the object of an action expressed by a verb, or of a relation expressed by a preposition ; as, el muchacho ama la verdad, the boy loves the truth ; nadie esta sin pecado, nobody is without sin.

The Adjective is a word that expresses the quality of a noun, or determines its number or signification ; as, buen hombre, good man ; mucJios h ombres, many men ; dos duros, two dollars. The Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun to avoid the too frequent repetition of the latter ; as, Juan esta en casa, ei esta bueno ; John is at home, he is well. Personal pronouns are used for the names of persons or things ; as, cZ, ella, ello ; he, she, it.

Possessive pronouns show the possession of the persons or things which they represent. Some relate to one person, others to more than one ; as, mi libro, mij book ; nuestra casa, our house. Relative pronouns are those which relate to a preceding noun or pronoun, called the antecedent ; as, el hombre que enseila, the man who teaches. Here hombre is the antecedent to the relative pronoun que. Indefinite pronouns are those that express, in an indefinite or general manner, the persons or things which they represent ; as, algunos de nosutros, some of us.

The Preposition serves to express the relation of things ; as, el hermano de Diego, the brother of James ; viajo po7' Espana, he traveled through Spain. The Conjunction connects words and sentences ; as, Jose y Maria seran felices, pero no seran ricos, Joseph and Mary will be happy, but they will not be rich. The injlection of a word means the changes which it undergoes to express different numbers, persons, cases, moods, tenses, etc.

The inflection of verbs is called conjugation ; as, yo amo, I love ; tii amas, thou lovest; el ama, he loves. Of the parts of speech, the article, noun, adjective, pronoun and verb are inflected ; and the adverb, preposition, conjunction, and inter- jection, not inflected. The participle is not regarded as a distinct part of speech in Span- ish, but as belonging to the verb and partaking oi the nature of the.

It is often inflected like the latter. Before a noun masculine of the singular number, el is used ; as, El hombre, the man. I El hijo, the son. El rey, the king. El plato, the plate. Before a noun feminine of the singular number, la is used ; as. La muger, the woman. I La hija, the daughter.

La reina, the queen. Before a noun masculine of the plural number, los u used ; as, Los reyes, the kings. Before an adjective used as a noun of the singular number, lo is employed when it has the meaning of that which is ; as. Lo justo, that which is just. Lo rojo, the red, or, that whi-ch is red. Lo bueno, the good, or, that which is good. Lo pasado, the vast, or, that which is past. It is called the neuter article. The Spanish indefinite article corresponding to a or an in English is una always contracted into un , before a noun masculine ; as, Un medico, a physician. Before a noun feminine, una is used ; as, Una hermana, a sister.

Una silla, a chair. When the plural form of uno and una is used, these words are indefinite pronouns; as, unos hombres or unas mugeres, some men or some women. In the plural, such nouns take the regular feminine article ; as, Las areas, the chests. If an adjective intervene between the article and feminine noun even though the adjective begin with a or ha accented , the feminine article is always used ; as, La ancha area, the broad chest. I Del muchacho, of the boy. Al ama, to the mistress. J Del hambre, of the hunger. De lo futuro, of the future.

De una noche, of a night. A' la muger, to the woman. A' las hermanas, to the sisters. De un dia, of the day. The Spanish articles should not always be translated into English: La vida no es un sueno. Con todos los hombres ten paz. El capitan Smith tiene memCria. Humility and meekness glitter less than pride. Life is not a dream. With all men have peace.

Captain Smith has a memory. She has a husband. Sometimes the Spanish definite article should be rendered by the indefinite in English ; as, El paiio se pueda comprar a tres duros la vara. La harina se vende a seis duros el barril. The cloth can be bought for three dollars a yard. Flour is sold at six dollars a bar rel.

Nouns are divided into proper and common, as in Eng- lish ; and to them belong gender, number, person, and case. The following are the rules for distinguishing the gender: Nouns used only in the plural are of the gender to which they would belong, from their termination, if they had a singular form. Thus, calzonesj breeches, is masculine, and grevas, greaves, is feminine, because calzon and grcxia would be of these respective genders, from their termi- nation.

Lldres, fasces, and fauces, are exceptions to this rule, they being feminine. These, however, are very few in number. The plural number is formed from the singular by adding es to all nouns ending with a consonant, with the letter y, or with any accented vowel ; as, Muger, woman. Nouns ending with a vowel not accented, form their plural by adding s to the singular ; as, Villa, town. There are a few exceptions to the above general rules for the formation of the plural of nouns ; they are as fol- lows: If the noun end with z, this letter is changed into ces to form the plural ; as, Juez, jiudge.

The following nouns are irregular in the formation of the plural ; Bofdj sofa; papd, pope, father; inamd. In Spanish, nouns have but two cases, the nomina- tive and objective, the former being the agent or subject of the verb ; the latter the object of an action expressed by the verb, or of a relation expressed by a preposition. There is no possessive case in Spanish: La casa de la muger. La conciencia del hombre. El libro es de Maria. La pluma es del escribiente. The son of John, i.

The house of the woman, i. The conscience of the man, i. The book is of Mary, i. The pen is of the clerk, i. One noun can not serve as an adjective for another noun, as in English ; thus, such phrases as, the Neiv- York road ; a faper hat ; an ivory spoon ; are in Spanish to be rendered el camino de Nueva- York ; un sombrero de papel ; una cuchara de marjil ; i.

In Spanish, the sentence " he went to his brother's," would be fully ex- pressed thus: Sec- tion Second, as th re directed. Adjectives in Spanish have both a singular and a plural form, according as they are used with singular or plural nouns ; as, Grande hombre, large man. J Grandes hombres, large men. The rules for the formation of the plural of adjec- tives are the same as those for forming the plural of nouns. In forming the plural of adjectives which are modi- fied by gender, the gender must be taken into considera- tion first, and then the plural ending added ; as. The English The English c.

Thus, Un hombre respetable. Malas obraSj or obras malas. Some adjectives and adjective pronouns drop the final in the masculine singular but not in the plural , when they are placed before the noun, but never when they are placed after it. Un buen hombre, or un hombre A good man. Ciento, hundred, when it immediately precedes a noun, masculine oi feminine, drops its final syllable; as, den drboles, hundred trees; but ciento y dos drboles, hundred and two trees. Grande, great, large, gene- rally loses its final syllable when the noun to which it is prefixed begins with a consonant ; as, gran poder, great power.

When grande does not mean size or magnitude, but good qualities gran is used if the noun follow it. Thus, gran hombre, means a " great man," and grande hom- bre, a "large man. Adjectives are often used without the noun the latter being understood ; as. The poor wo- man. These adjectives are all properly in the compara- tive degree. Sometimes tan is omitted, and corno only used ; as, Juan esfuerte como un leon. John is strong as a lion. Tan used be- fore an adjective without como, means so ; as, tan grande, so great. The comparative of superiority is formed by placing mas more before, and que than after the adjective ; as.

Mi madre es mas rica que el reina. I My mother is more rich richer I ilian the queen. Mayor, greater ; mejor, better ; and menor, less, are already in the comparative degree, and do not require mas before them ; as, Las reyes son mayor es que los lores. The kings are greater than the lords.

Thus we may say. New York is a very large' city, or, New York is the largest city in America. Adjectives that end with 6Ze, co, go, and z, change these letters respectively into 6iZ, qu, gu, and c, before the suffix tsimo; as, nohle, noble ; nobiltsimo, very noble ; seco, dry ; sequisimo, very dry ; largo, large ; largutsimo, very large ; feraz, fruitful ; feracisimx , very fruitful ; or muy noble, muy seco, muy largo, muyferaz. Most adjectives can have their superlatives formed by muy pre- fixed, or by the ending tsimo. There are a few, however, such as those ending with ial and antepenuUs i.

As a general rule, adjectives of many syllables form the superla- tive absolute by muy and not with tsimo. The superlative of unucho, much, is always muchtsimo. The superlative relative is formed by placing the definite article before mas more or menos less , and put- ting these before the adjective ; as, El Judlo es el mas rico de todos. The mother of the Frenchman is the most rich of all the women. My daughters are the least learned of all the maidens. Mis hijas son las menos doctas de todas las doncellas.

The irregular forms in general use are few, and ard all to be found in Spanish dictionaries ; therefore they offer no impedi- ment to the student. The cardinal and ordinal numbers will be found in Part III. There are six sorts of pronouns: The personal pronouns are yo, I; tu, thou ; usted, you ; el, ella, ello, he, she, it ; nosotros masculine , nosotras feminine , we ; vosotros masc , vosotros fem.

Vos was anciently used in the nominative for vosotros, but it is -now used only in addressing the Deity and celestial beings, or persons of very superior rank. Usted is the only word with which persons address and are ad- dressed in ordinary conversation in Spanish. It is a contraction of vues- tra mcrced your worship ; and though it is always to be translated by the second person you in English, it is of course of the third person, and requires its corresponding possessive pronoun and the verb to which it may be the nominative, to be in the third person.

In writing, 2isted is nearly always abbreviated into v. How is your worship? Juan me dio un libro. I John to me gave a book. Juan vino por ml. I John came for me. The personal pronouns are declined as exhibited in the annexed paradigms: A pronoun of the first objective case is placed be- fore the verb which governs it, except before infinitives, imperatives, and gerunds ; as, El hombre me dijo. La muger le hallo.

Los perros los siguieron. El medico les dijo. The man said to me. The woman found him. The dogs followed them. The doctor said to them. La criada me trajo un panuelo. Juan te dio un libro. El sastre nos vio. Los pastores nos hablaron. If the sentence begin with a verb, the pronoun is allowed to come after it ; in other words, a pronoun of the first-objective case may or may not begin a sentence.

Benled-them heaven this pleasure. The maid-servant brought to me a handkerchief. The tailor saw us. When in English the personal pronouns of the third person are governed by the verb, in Spanish le and los, for the masculine, and la, las, for the feminine, are used ; as, La muger le vio.

I The woman saw him. El viajante los hallo. I The traveler found them. When in English the personal pronouns of the third person are governed by the preposition to, expressed or understood, in Spanish, le and les are used for both gen- ders ; as, El juez le dijo. I The judge said to-him or to-her. Los hbreros les dieron libros. I The booksellers gave them books. A personal pronoun of the second-objective case is placed after a preposition ; as, Fear fell upon him.

Fear came upon all the neighbors oj" them. I will accept the favor of your wor- ship. Vino temor sobre todos los vecinos de ellos. El pintor lo hizo para ml. If in English two objective cases of personal pro- nouns are in the same sentence, one of them governed by the preposition to, understood, and the other by a verb, the one governed by the preposition is placed first ; as, llaria me lo dio.

Mary to me it gave or, Mary gave it to me. Pedro se la llevo. Peter to them her brought or, brought her to them. If the pronoun be reflective, that is, if the nomina- tive and objective cases each refer to the same person, the reflective pronoun must come before the other, if another be used in the same sentence ; as, El cura se me dirigio.

When in the second-objective case, any one of the pronouns mi, ti, si, is preceded by the preposition con [with , this preposition is prefixed to the pronoun, and the syllable go affixed, the whole forming one word ; as, Juan vino conmigo. I John came with-me. I She came with-him. The lad came to see-them.

El muchacho vino por werlos. Entunces Pedro tomandoZe apartCj comenzo a reiiirZe. Make-me, your worship, a coat. I The German goes to see-her. The first or second person plural of the imperative drops its final etter when nos or os is joined to it ; as. Guarddos, and not guardddos. Though not strictly correct, the practice is allowed of using lo for the mascu- line hj if this pronoun be directly governed by a verb. The el as an article is generally followed by an adjective or noun, and can not stand by itself like the pronoun el. Many writers use the accent over el when a pronoun ; but there is no necessity for this, as the sense and position of the word will readily show its office of article or pronoun.

They are declined as in the following paradigm: Tu hijo, tu hija. Su hermano, su hermana.

Mis tios, mis tias. My father, my mother. Thy son, thy daughter. His brother, his sister. My uncles, my aunts. His her or their horses. Esta gallina es suya. Estos libros son suyos. This book is his or hers, or theirs. This hen is his or hers, or theirs. These books are his hers, or theirs. The possessive pronouns agree in gender and num- ber with the object possessed, and not with the person or thing possessing. Thus su libro may mean his bookj her book J or their book ; sus libros may mean his books, her books, or their books.

If we are speaking of a woman, and wish to say, " this hen is hers," it would be in Spanish, esta gal- lina es swya ; if we wish to say, " this horse is hers," it would be, este caballo es suyo ; if we wish to say, " these houses are hers," it would be, estas casas son suyas ; and " these oxen are hers," would be, estos bueyes son suyos.

Instead of " Aer5," the possessive pronoun in each of these sentences, without any alteration, might be rendered " his " if we were speaking of a male person. This is a very im- portant rule, and should be remembered, since it is so unlike the English rule for the agreement of possessive pronouns. The context will generally show whether suyo should be rendered his, her, or their ; otherwise, to prevent ambiguity, de el, of him ; de ella, of her ; de ellos, of them masculine , de ellas, of them feminine , etc. Este libro es suyo de eUa.

Estos libros son suyos de tmd. Estos libros son suyos de ellas. This book is his. This book is hers. These books are yoiirfi. These books are theirs feminine. Tu madre y la mia. Vueslras hermanas y las mias. Sus cabellos y los nuestros. His brother and mine. Thy mother and mine. Your sisters and mine. His her or their horses and ours. If a verb which indicates possession come before the pronoun, the article see is omitted ; as, Este hombre es sobrino mio y suyo I This man is my nephew and hers, de ella. I A son of mine or, one of my sons 1 is captain. Instead of the personal pronouns, the definite arti- cle is used in Spanish when any member or part of the human body is described as being acted upon, or as being in a certain state, in such a manner as to make it evident that it refers to the person himself to whom the member or part belongs ; as, El la tomo por la mano.

Ella levanto los ojos. If, however, any member or part of the human body, or parts of dress, be described as acting, or the object of an action, and the article alone would not leave it evident to whom such member or part belongs, then instead of a possessive pronoun a personal pronoun and the definite article are both used ; as, OF THE PRONOUN. He touched the hand to-him. La mano le tiembla. The hand to-him trembles. El te tomo las botas.

He to-thee took the boots. It has already been mentioned that in ordinary conversation vrnd. Are you well 1 how is your health 1 I was going to your house to make you a visit. To prevent ambiguity, vmd. The relative pronouns are g? They are thus declined: Quien always relates to personSj and agrees with its antecedent in gender and number ; as, El general es quien los vio. Las reinas son quienes le maldi- jeron. The queens are they who reviled him. When quien or quienes is governed by a verb, it is always preceded by the preposition a ; as. La dama a quien vmd.

The lady ichom you fear. El dial and que, like the relative pronoun that in English, relate both to persons and things, agreeing with their antecedent in gender and number. El cual is gener- ally to be used to prevent the repetition of quien or qioe; as. La vaca que vio, y de la cual habia, i The cow which he saw, and of which es timida.

I he speaks, is timid. El hombre cuya madre es buena. La casa cuyos cuartos son espaci- osos. El centurion los envio a Joppe, en cuya ciudad moraba Simon. The man whose mother is good. The house of which the rooms are spacious. El hombre que habla. La muger a quien Juan vio. J The man who speaks. The woman whom John saw. Un hombre en quien el rey tiene A man in whmn the king has nmch mucha confianza. Lo que i, algunos gusta i. El dijo, yo no s6 que. What to some is-pleasant, to others is-disgusting.

He said, I know not uhat. Yo no s6 cuales libros leer, j c. There is also the neuter form, lo que. In Spanish, a preposition is always placed before the relative pronoun which it governs ; as, La ciudad tn que yo moro. The city in which I dwell. The interrogative pronouns are the same as the relative, except cual is used without being preceded by the article. When the interrogative pronoun is governed by a preposition, the answer to the question must always be preceded by the same preposi- tion ; as, iDe quien son aquellas niiios7 De Whose are those children?

When what is used in ejaculatory inteiTogations, as " whai a fine day! What a fine morning! For whom did-he-do it 7 For the woman.

Este is used with what is near at hand ; as, este horn- bre, this man here: When relating to time, este is used with time present ; ese, with the past ; and aqitel, with time still more distant ; as, " this este book which I now have ; that ese book which I had last week ; and that aquel book which I had last summer, are valuable. Por Que A Mi! Batman Arkham Knight - Genesis Num. Caminant Per La Lluna. Cautiva 3 PDF Download. Cautiva 4 PDF Download. Confesiones De Un Rey Novato Carpintero - Naughty Monkey Helps Mr. Carpenter Aprender Ingles Para Ninos.

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In the case of the permanent dentition, the first molars were the most commonly removed teeth. In the temporary dentition, the most frequently removed teeth were the second molars. The response of the population to this program has been very good, and reinforces the preventive measures already in place, with the provision of restorative treatments to improve the oral and dental health of the pediatric population, and yielding good results in terms of the program quality indicators. The Service of Stomatology Valencia University General Hospital is able to address the demand and offers the public health network integrated and continuous patient care.

El miedo relacionado con la enfermedad, el tratamiento y la anestesia, las orientaciones parciales o inexistentes, las lesiones en la piel fueron quejas que estuvieron presentes en las declaraciones de la. Full Text Available This article presents a historical overview of the key questions that have marked the evolution of the study of straight prismatic elements subjected to compression loads.

Straight prismatic elements are researched considering the practical problems on the basis of which models and the theory explaining their behaviour have been developed. The problems that give rise to the origin of the theory of the beam-column are reviewed in the fi rst section buckling loads and stability and their subsequent developments: On the other hand, new problems in relationship to the behavior of the material plasticity, rheology and its three dimensional nature are considered. Finally, the application of fracture and damage theory to the study of the behaviour of the columns is mentioned.

Full Text Available Study of recently discovered wall paintings of the roman period in the excavations of 6 Cisneros square in Valencia ancient Valentia. Short and medium effects on the environment of Valencia , Spain of the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident. As a consequence of the 26 April accident at the Chernobyl nuclear plant, a large amount of radioactivity was released into the atmosphere. The radioactive plume formed could be detected in practically the whole of the Northern Hemisphere a few days later.

The zone most affected by the radioactive cloud over Spain was that of the Mediterranean coast and the Balearic Islands. In this paper, the authors examine the level of the radioactive contamination reached in various receptive media in Valencia , such as air, dry-fallout, water, soil, grass and milk samples collected in Valencia immediately after the accident. The activity levels are compared with those found during and due to the Chinese nuclear atmospheric explosions.

The levels of contamination presented by four species of migratory birds which spend the winter in this area is analyzed. Lastly, an estimate is made of the absorbed dose. Full Text Available This article is one of the first to raise the issue of Women in the Franco regime prisons, specifically in the region of Valencia.

Historiography of the Franquoist repression, in particular in Valencia , has paid scarce attention to that topic. Some of them were sentenced to death, and their children taken away in a lot of cases. And all of them suffered subhuman living conditions. On the one hand, the text analyses the prison files as an example of the official repression discourse. Onychomadesis outbreak in Valencia , Spain associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enteroviruses.

This report evaluates the June onychomadesis outbreak in Valencia , Spain. The study sample consisted of onychomadesis cases and 77 nonaffected individuals who lived close to those affected. We collected data on dietary variables, hygiene products, and individual pathological histories. Feces and blood specimens were collected from 44 cases and 24 controls to evaluate exposure to infectious agents.

The onychomadesis outbreak in the metropolitan area of Valencia was associated with an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease primarily caused by coxsackievirus A As in previous editions, CIT aims to foster the national and international exchange of scientific and professional works in different transport areas.

The theme of the CIT is: Este tipo de establecimientos deben poseer un atractivo especial para poder crear esa exclusividad que pretenden The papers of other members of his circle were also confiscated. In this article I examine the two most important texts: The article is structured around Gurmendi's response to a memorial published in by Archbishop Pedro de Castro in defence of one of his translators. Gurmendi, working from his translation of the first two Lead Books, shows how these contain heretical ideas on the Trinity and how the memorialista has mistranslated many passages.

Past and present of museum materials and rural areas in Valencia. Full Text Available We can find several typologies of proposals about the conservation and diffusion of the historical and educational patrimony in Valencia. They manifest different grades of imbrication with the territory and of relation with the University.

A shallow description and analysis of the existing experiences approach us to their contribution to the sustainment of the culture and rural identities and suggest us some proposals to improve and raise the community participation. Bernardo Arias Trujillo y Guillermo Valencia. The messinian salt develops salt rollers, pillows and diapirs in the linking zone between the Valencia Trough and the Provenga!

The correlation of the different structures based on the sedimentary wedges linked to the salt rollers formation, the onlap surfaces and truncations, as well as a sequential restitution of the salt structures allows us to propose different origins for the salt structures of different areas of the basin. Plan de negocio para una agencia de viajes situada en Valencia. This company is focused on the mediation with the offer and the demand offering several touristic products. The objective of this project is to determine its viability. The decision of making a business plan is based on the knowledge obtained on the degree.

Furthermore, it has cho This place is a rice crop area under European and National Agro environmental regulation which obliges to preserve the habitat and to keep the rice plots flooded out of crop season, from October to January. The English name of "Super Flavour Factor"y sends to the resemblance of a factory in where particles in industrial amounts will take place, which will allow to study its properties with a precision and intensity without precedents, because the number of collisions between electrons will increase in one hundred and positrons.

To describe the prevalence of exposure to occupational risks among pregnant women and analyze its relationship with personal and occupational characteristics using information collected in the Childhood and Environment Infancia y Medio Ambiente [INMA] - Valencia cohort study. In general, the characteristics most closely associated with exposure to occupational risks were younger age, non-Spanish nationality, lower education, having a temporary contract or being self-employed. This study is the first to quantify the prevalence of exposure to occupational risks during pregnancy in a Spanish population-based sample.

According to the data observed, surveillance and control actions should be intensified in pregnant workers, as some of the observed occupational exposures have been consistently associated with detrimental reproductive and developmental effects. A reviled planning, often labeled as a developmentalist one, despite the fact taht any of its original documents was never published: It could ultimately seem that no one wanted to ask the right questions, like how could it be possible that Greater Valencia Administrative Corporation architects three of the main experts of their generation answered for such a supposedly calamitous Town Planning.

Relict sand waves in the continental shelf of the Gulf of Valencia Western Mediterranean. The presence of fossil or relict bedforms is common in the Quaternary fill of modern continental shelf due to sea level oscillations, tectonic subsidence and migration of associated sedimentary facies. The continental margin of the Gulf of Valencia has been strongly influenced by glacio-eustasy and neotectonics. High-resolution multibeam bathymetry data, seismic reflection profiles and box core samples were collected across the continental shelf of the Gulf of Valencia during the DERIVA cruises carried out in and The integrated analysis of this data set and high-resolution mapping of the relict bedforms on the Valencian continental shelf, ranging between 50 and 90 m allowed the study of previously identified system of sand waves located in front of the present-day Albufera de Valencia lagoon.

Consequently, they have been classified as Holocene sand waves associated with coastal sedimentary evolution. Dosimetry of Leipzig and Valencia applicators without the plastic cap. High dose rate HDR brachytherapy for treatment of small skin lesions using the Leipzig and Valencia applicators is a widely used technique. These applicators are equipped with an attachable plastic cap to be placed during fraction delivery to ensure electronic equilibrium and to prevent secondary electrons from reaching the skin surface.

The purpose of this study is to report on the dosimetric impact of the cap being absent during HDR fraction delivery, which has not been explored previously in the literature. In order to validate the Monte Carlo simulations, experimental measurements using radiochromic films have been done.

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Differences of treating with or without the plastic cap are significant. Users must check always that the plastic cap is in place before any treatment in order to avoid overdosage of the skin. Prior to skin HDR fraction delivery, the timeout checklist should include verification of the cap placement. The two major planning landmarks in that period are the South Plan, approved in , just a year after the great flood, that included the deviation of the Turia riverbed, and the Valencia and its Region General Plan adapted to South Solution, approved in , that replaces the previous plan.

This results in three stages, corresponding to the three sections into which the thesis is divided. The first stage between the General Plan of and the flood, which is the one contained in this publication, shows the gradual introduction in Valencia of open block planning principles, used initially in small scale public housing developments, and also in a series of plans and unrealized urban projects.

In the second stage, between South Plan and General Plan, open planning states increasingly as typical growth form for urban periphery, while new planning principles are applied in a more elaborate way. The third stage, between General Plan and PGOU, which coincides with an economic expansion period and an accelerated building activity in peripheral areas, is characterized by the trivialization of such principles as a result of its routinary and simplistic implementation, which is one of the determinant factors in its later discredit.

This cluster was then validated and characterized with further maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses and Bayesian coalescent reconstructions. With these analyses, the CV cluster was delimited to patients, predominately men who have sex with men MSM. Coalescent analyses estimated its expansion in Valencia to have started between and From to , members of this cluster represented only 1. In conclusion, we have detected a very large transmission cluster in the CV where it has experienced a very fast growth in the recent years in the city of Valencia , thus contributing significantly to the HIV epidemic in this locality.

Its transmission efficiency evidences shortcomings in HIV control measures in Spain and particularly in Valencia. Social perception of environment and waste management in Pucol Valencia -Spain ; Percepcion social sobre la gestion de residuos urbanos: The present study analyzes the situation of waste management and environmental problems in the municipality of Pucol Valencia -Spain from multi variant statistical analysis data from a sociological survey. It can be highlighted the following aspects: To estimate consumption of five subgroups of antihypertensive drugs by primary care areas and to analyze its variation.

We performed an ecological, descriptive study of antihypertensive consumption in primary care areas in the autonomous region of Valencia in followed by analysis of the variability observed. Small-area variation analysis was used to analyze the observed variability. Associations among dispensations of the distinct therapeutic subgroups were also analyzed. Overall antihypertensive use in the autonomous region of Valencia in was The active population showed similar patterns. Variation in consumption was moderate, with coefficients of variation from 0. Associations among dispensations of the different therapeutic subgroups were strong.

This study shows major variations in the overall consumption of antihypertensive drugs among primary care areas of the autonomous region of Valencia. These results suggest that variation may be associated with problems of underutilization in areas with lower consumption. Utilization of HDR brachytherapy treatment of skin lesions using collimated applicators, such as the Valencia or Leipzig is increasing.

These applicators are made of cup-shaped tungsten material in order to focalize the radiation into the lesion and to protect nearby tissues. These applicators have an attachable plastic cap that removes secondary electrons generated in the applicator and flattens the treatment surface. The purpose of this study is to examine the dosimetric impact of this cap, and the effect if the cap is not placed during the HDR fraction delivery.

Monte Carlo simulations have been done using the code Geant4 for the Valencia and Leipzig applicators.

Dose rate distributions have been obtained for the applicators with and without the plastic cap. An experimental study using EBT3 radiochromic film has been realized in order to verify the Monte Carlo results. Important differences have been found if the plastic cap of the applicators is absent in the treatment producing an overdosage in the skin. The user should have a checklist to remind him check always before HDR fraction delivery to insure the plastic cap is placed on the applicator. Despite the potential risks of drug use during pregnancy, consumption has increased in recent decades.

To identify the risk of congenital anomalies CA associated with the use of drugs in primary care in pregnant women residents in the Valencia Region. A case-control study, considering a case as a less than one year old live birth in , diagnosed with a CA and resident in the Valencia Region, obtained from the CA population-based registry. Controls were selected from the Metabolic Disease Registry, and the drugs prescribed and dispensed from the Integral Management of Pharmaceutical Services.

A total of 1, cases and 3, controls were identified. The most frequently used drug groups were those acting on the musculoskeletal, nervous and respiratory systems, on the blood and blood forming organs, and anti-infection drugs.

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The most common drugs used were ibuprofen, dexketoprofen, paracetamol, amoxicillin, ferrous sulphate, and a combination of folic acid. A significantly increased risk of CA was identified for drugs acting on the musculoskeletal system adjusted OR 1. A significantly decreased risk was observed for drugs acting on the blood and blood forming organs adjusted OR 0. Associations between drugs and CA in pregnant women resident in the Valencia Region have been identified for drugs that act as risk factors of CA, and for drugs that act as protective factors of CA.

Air pollution and emergency hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Valencia , Spain. To estimate the short-term association between air pollution levels and emergency hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Valencia , within period. Daily levels of air pollution and emergency admissions for cardiovascular diseases were related to using an ecological time series design.

The number of admissions was obtained from the hospital records database. Selected groups of causes were all cardiovascular diseases, heart admissions, and admissions for cerebrovascular diseases. The number of admissions for digestive diseases was used as control. Magnitude of association was estimated by Poisson autoregressive regression. Estimations were calculated according the hottest May to October and the coldest November to April periods. City of Valencia , Spain, about , inhabitants. People being admitted to the two major hospitals in the city, with a catchment area of nearly , inhabitants.

All these associations were verified with a lag of two days. The estimates of the associations for particles, SO 2 , and CO were affected by the inclusion of the other pollutants in their models.

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NO 2 was independently associated with cerebrovascular admissions. There were no significant associations between air pollution and admissions for digestive diseases. Current levels of air pollution and emergency cardiovascular admissions are significantly related in Valencia. Full Text Available This article explains in detail the history of the conception of the Baroque portal of Valencia Cathedral and narrates the vicissitudes of its existence up to the time of the emergency works carried out by Fernando Chueca in This information was the basis for the recent restoration works performed by the authors, who needed to engage in profound reflection about the intervention criteria applicable in this case and came up against all sorts of problems in the execution of their work.

Likewise, it collects information about the social repercussion that such performances had in the city, the way in which its citizens welcomed the artist is described staying in Valencia for at least twenty one days, and the relationships that he established with certain Valencian artists of that era, as well as equally young musicians, painters and sculptors, is analysed, who themselves went to enjoy a certain level of celebrity, nationally and even internationally.

Scores across three factors i. The Spanish Nuclear Society SNE is a non-profit association, made up of professionals and institutions in order to promote awareness and dissemination of science and nuclear technology. The 40th meeting of the SNE held in Valencia , analyzes the current situation of nuclear energy and its future challenges, covering different topics from engineering to R and D, nuclear safety, also the impact on health and the environment in the vicinity of a nuclear facility, the experience of Spanish companies in the construction of power and knowledge management in the nuclear sector.

Validation Activities at the Valencia Anchor Station. Physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters in a hypereutrophic lagoon Albufera Lake, Valencia , Spain. Several physico-chemical parameters related to water quality, as well as saprophytic and public health-related heterotrophic bacterial groups were studied in a hypereutrophic lake Albufera, Valencia at different seasons. Total microscopic and viable counts were compared, and, together with faecal indicators, were determined in water samples from different sites. Heterotrophic bacteria grown on nonselective medium were identified to genus level and a diversity index was calculated.

Pseudomonas-Alcaligenes was the most frequently isolated group from all sampling sites along the study, following by Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Vibrio and Aeromonas. La lucha por el mantenimiento de un huerto de simples en la universidad de Valencia durante el siglo XVII.

Full Text Available This article deepens on the efforts made during the 17th century by Medicine professors and students, Pharmacist Associations as well as surgeons and magistrates from Valencia directed toward the creation and mantenaince of a garden destinated to the growing of medicinal plants from worldwide. Avoidable mortality AM has been proposed as the indicator of the quality and the efficacy of health care services and a parameter useful to distribute health care resources.

The aim of this study was to analyze the size and geographic variability of AM in the Community of Valencia , Spain Standard rates for Spain and the European Community, the rate of masculinity and contribution to total mortality were calculated. Geographic distribution by areas and provinces was analyzed by the rate of standardized mortality. Out of these cases, According to the Charlton classification, this percentage was 3. A considerable variation was observed among the 20 areas analyzed due to many causes.

The worse results corresponded to the city of Valencia and to the area 21 area of the city of Alicante. A great variation was found in the results regarding geographic distribution for individual causes of death while the distribution was quite homogeneous for all of the groups of mortality with the worst results being observed in large urban centers. Full Text Available The footbridge over the C. Ill , Madrid- Valencia road, near Madrid, enables pedestrians to cross the motor road where the latter runs between Moratalaz and Vallecas, without impeding the road traffic.

The adoption of an elevated pass is convenient, since at this section the road runs along a deep trench. The structure of the footpath is a continuous metallic box girder, resting on five rectangular metal supports, and two end concrete abutments. The total length of the bridge is m, and the width of the platform is 2. The project took one month to complete. La pasarela sobre la C. La obra tiene una longitud total de aproximadamente m y el ancho de la plataforma es de 2,40 metros. Commissioning and quality assurance procedures for the HDR Valencia skin applicators.

Full Text Available The Valencia applicators Nucletron, an Elekta company, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden are cup-shaped tungsten applicators with a flattening filter used to collimate the radiation produced by a high-dose-rate HDR Ir source, and provide a homogeneous absorbed dose at a given depth. This beam quality provides a good option for the treatment of skin lesions at shallow depth mm. The user must perform commissioning and periodic testing of these applicators to guarantee the proper and safe delivery of the intended absorbed dose, as recommended in the standards in radiation oncology.

These include general considerations, verification of the manufacturer documentation and physical integrity, evaluation of the source-to-indexer distance and reproducibility, setting the library plan in the treatment planning system, evaluation of flatness and symmetry, absolute output and percentage depth dose verification, independent calculation of the treatment time, and visual inspection of the applicator before each treatment.

For each test, the proposed methodology, equipment, frequency, expected results, and tolerance levels when applicable are provided. Characterization of wildland-urban interfaces for fire prevention in the province of Valencia Spain. Full Text Available Aim of study. The present study is the first attempt to characterize and map wildland-urban interfaces WUIs in eastern Spain province of Valencia and its relationship with wildfire occurrence.

The study area is located in eastern Spain in the province of Valencia. The area covers , ha and includes four administrative departments comprising 86 municipalities. The type Insolated housing with low aggregation presents the highest significance to explain wildfire occurrence. A significant relationship between wildfire occurrence the study area and WUI has been demonstrated. The obtained results verify the ability of WUImap tool in classifying large-scale administrative departments and its suitability for application to prioritize preventive actions in the Mediterranean areasKey words: Valencia callus during somatic embryogenesis].

Somatic embryogenetic capability and changes in polyamine level and their relationship were analyzed using the long-term 8 years subcultured calli of Citrus sinensis Osb. The results showed that endogenous polyamine contents in embryogenic calli were higher than those in non-embryogenic calli, and the embryogenetic capability was positively correlated to the levels of endogenous polyamines.

When the calli were transferred to a differentiation medium, the putrescine content rapidly increased and reached a peak, then fell gradually. Applying exogenous putrescine raised the embryogenesis frequency and endogenous putrescine level. It indicated that increase in putrescine content at early stage of differentiation promoted embryogenesis. With the development of somatic embryo, spermidine content reached its the highest level at globular embryo stage, spermine content rose and reached a peak at a later stage of globular embryo development.

Furthermore, changes of the putrescine, spermidine and spermine contents during somatic embryogenesis were similar in Valencia calli which had different ploidy levels, but their contents decreased following the increasing of ploidy level. Changes in arginine decarboxylase activity were positively correlated to the polyamine levels, which suggest that the later is a key factor in regulating the polyamine levels during somatic embryogenesis in citrus plants.

Full Text Available The present work considers the study and the juridical consequences of the transition from minority to adulthood in the former Kingdom of Valencia. More specifi cally, it addresses issues such as the necessary presence of the tutor or guardian of the minor, his juridical incapacity or the prohibitions to which they were subjected. Regarding adulthood, the focus is primarily on the so-called benefi t of the age and its application in the contractual sphere. Drip irrigation is widely promoted in Spain to increase agricultural production and to save water. There were a number of transformations resulting from,.

Performance of ' Valencia ' Orange Citrus sinensis [L. Valencia orange Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck was grown on 17 rootstocks through seven years of age and the first four harvest seasons in a central Florida field trial severely affected by huanglongbing HLB disease. All trees in the trial had huanglongbing symptoms and were shown by Polymerase chain Not unlike many community colleges across the country, Valencia Community College, located in Orlando, Florida, has been working to better connect with its constituents.

In an era in which the Internet is opening new lines of communication between schools and prospective students, more community colleges are tapping into the opportunities inherent…. Rooted Rights Systems in Turbulent Water: Valencia 's Albufera Lake is a wetlands area where different sociolegal systems interact.

Its El Palmar community is governed by customary laws for fishing and territorial control. These exist alongside, yet in tension with, governmental laws. This article examines the dynamics of fishing rights,. The Albufera de Valencia is a coastal wetland in south-eastern Spain that has suffered from low water quality since the s. This article explores two divergent framings or imaginaries of the Albufera as a hydrosocial territory.

The first, the agro-economic waterscape framing, focuses on the. Rooted rights systems in turbulent waters: The soil vulnerability determines the sensitivity of the soil after an accidental radioactive contamination due to Cs and Sr This requires the knowledge of the soil properties for the various types of existing soils. In order to achieve this aim, a bibliographical compilation of soil profiles has been made to characterize the different soil types and create a database of their properties.

Depending on the year of publication and the type of documentary source, the information compiled from the available bibliography very heterogeneous. Therefore, an important effort has been made to normalize and process the information prior to its incorporation to the database. This volume presents the criteria applied to normalize and process the data as well as the soil properties of the various soil types belonging to the Comunidades Autonomas de Valencia and Murcia.

Chlamydia psittaci en aves en cautiverio del aquarium de Valencia , Venezuela Chlamydia psittaci in captive birds of the aquarium of Valencia , Venezuela. Full Text Available Chlamydia psittaci Cp is an obligate intracellular bacterium, capable of invading birds and mammals.

Cp infections represent a health problem for birds living in captive centers, since in some cases it can be fatal thus generating more concern in threatened species. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the detection of Cp through the nested PCR in birds in captivity and its association to some specific taxonomic order. During , 44 cloacal swabs from six orders of birds were collected from the Valencia Aquarium VA. The frequency of positives was as high as The results were associated with overcrowding conditions in which birds survive, absence of timely diagnosis of Cp in birds entering the VA and possible elevated levels of avian stress.

It was confirmed that the state of captivity favors infection by Cp. These results demonstrate the need to promote the adaptation of conditions in captive bird habitats and the timely detection of Cp through molecular methods, mainly for spaces that act as centers for reception of specimens from confiscation, whose goal be their reintroduction to their natural habitat, as part of environmental conservation programs.

Significado del consumo de drogas para las adolescentes de la calle, en la ciudad de Valencia , Venezuela Significado do uso de drogas para adolescentes de rua, Valencia , Venezuela Meaning of drugs use for adolescents living in the streets, Valencia , Venezuela. Siete 7 adolescentes femeninas del paseo Cabriales en la ciudad de Valencia , en Venezuela fueron entrevistadas. This descriptive study with a qualitative approach aims to reveal the meaning of drugs use among adolescents living in the street, a condition that turns them into a social problem, so.

In the commissioning and QA of surface isotope-based applicators, source-indexer distance SID has a great influence in the flatness, symmetry and output. To these purposes, methods described in the literature are the use of a special insert at the entrance of dwell chamber or radiochromic films. Here we present the experience with a micro-chamber array to perform the commissioning and QA of Valencia applicators. Valencia applicators have been used, the classic and the new extra-shielded version. Verisoft software that allows for 3D and planar analysis has been used to evaluate the results.

Applicators were located on the surface of the array. Once SID was determined, standard protocol treatments corresponding to 3 Gy and 7 Gy were acquired in order to establish typical patient dose distribution. The method is fast and sensitive. The SID obtained was mm which is the nominal value included in the applicator manual. A practical method for the commissioning and QA of Valencia applicators has been described.

It has been shown that it is an efficient and accurate tool for these purposes as well as for the verification of the absolute output constancy. Rice field flora and vegetation in the provinces of Valencia and Tarragona.

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Full Text Available Twenty nine emergent and twenty floating or submerged taxa , were found in the rice fields in Valencia and Tarragona provinces. Eleven of the se taxa, all them emergent, are alien Of introduced ones. Echinochloa oryzoides and E. The remaining thirty eight taxa belong to the native flora. There are predominantly the emergent Scirpus maritimus, Alisma plantago-aquatica. Echinochloa crus-galli and Paspalum distichum ; the floating Lemna minor and L. The flora evolution during the last years is analyzed and the present weed communities are studied.

The contribution of the different phytosociological classes to the rice field weed flora is presented. Echinochloa crus-galli y Paspalum distichum como emergentes, Lemna minor y L. Six years of surveillance ]. The introduction of conjugated anti-pneumonia vaccines has led to a change in the epidemiology of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease IPD. The aim of this study is to describe the trends in IPD in the Community of Valencia during the period The incidence of IPD decreased between and in all age groups, mainly in the under 5 year-olds, dropping from Full Text Available Objetivo.

La variable principal de resultado fue la mortalidad por todas las causas. El exceso de mortalidad para el mes de enero fue de

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