Porque ele era APACHE (THE SCORPION Livro 3) (Portuguese Edition)

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It was not merely that text-books were lacking in both the Spanish-American and the Brazilian fields, for my interest is centred upon aesthetic pleasure rather than upon the depersonalized transmission of facts. A yawning gap of ignorance separated us then from the America that does not speak English, nor was the ig- norance all on our side. Commercial opportunities, more than cultural curiosity, served to impart an im- petus to the study of Spanish and soon we were reading fiction not only from Spain but from Spanish America.

In so far as the mercantile spirit was responsible for this broader literary interest, it performed an undoubted service to art by widening our horizons, but one should be wary about overestimating the permanent gain. Un- fortunately, the phonographic iteration of diplomatic platitudes brings continents no nearer, unless it be for the mad purposes of war. If, then, we are, as a people, quite as far as ever from Spanish America, what shall we say of our spiritual distance from the United States of Brazil?

I may be pardoned if I indicate, for example, that the language of Brazil is not Spanish, but Portuguese. Thus, Gustave Le Bon, — he of crowd-psychology fame, speaks of South America in his Lois psychologiques des peuples p. As late as , Vacher de Lapouge, in his book on UAryen could describe Brazil as a "vast negro state returning to a state of savagery," important, like Mexico, only in a numerical way. By Brazil had already pro- duced a fairly respectable array of original creative writers, while Mexican poetry was adding to the wealth of new Spanish verse.

Where specialists stray, then, who shall guide the innocent layman? Nor are the Brazilians without their case against the English, as we shall presently note in the discussion of a mooted sec- tion of Buckle's History of Civilization in England, though they owe to more than one earlier English- man a history of their land.

Robert Southey, for not- able example, after the collapse of the "pantisocratic" plans harboured by him and Coleridge, found the time to write a History of Brazil that is read today only some- what less frequently than his poetry. Students of Bra- zilian letters will not find it difficult to multiply instances from their personal experience with educated friends. This, then, is the centenary year of Brazilian independ- ence and, as no English book has yet sought to trace the literary history of the nation, the occasion seems pro- pitious for such a modest introductory one as this.

The fuller volume which it precedes I hope to have ready in a few years, as a contribution to the study of the creative imagination on this side of the Atlantic. If, in any part, I seem dogmatic, I can but plead the exigencies of space, which permit of little analytic dis- cussion. I am no believer in clear-cut formulas as ap- plied to art; where facts are presented, they are given as succinctly as possible, while opinions are meant to be suggestive rather than — ugly word! The first part of the book is devoted to an outline history of Brazilian literature; this is meant to provide the background for a proper appreciation of the representa- tive figures treated in the second part.

Since the first part deals largely with facts, I have aimed to give the reader not solely a personal view — which belongs more properly among the essays of the second — but also a digest of the few authorities that have treated the subject. It thus forms a reasonably adequate in- troduction to the deeper study of Brazilian literature that may some day interest a portion of our student body, and will, moreover, be of aid in rounding out the sharp corners of a general knowledge of letters.

As to the repre- sentative figures chosen for more Individual treatment, through one trait or another they emerge from the back- ground as Brazil's contributions to something more than an exclusively national Interest, or else afford striking opportunity for studying phases of the national mind. Though none of the text as it here appears has been printed elsewhere, some of the matter has formed the substance of articles that have been published, between 19 14 and the present, In the Boston Evening Transcript, the Christian Science Monitor, the Literary Review of the New York Evening Post, the Nezv York Times, the Bookman, the Stratford Journal and other period- icals, to the management and editors of which I am in- debted not only for permission to reprint, but for their readiness to accept such exotic material.

Potter and the Har- vard Library; to Sr. For the Index I am indebted to my wife. ALTHOUGH Brazil was not discovered until the opening year of the sixteenth century, the name had long hovered in the mediaeval conscious- ness together with that of those other mysterious islands which peopled the maps and the Imaginations of the dark, fantastic days.

Down from the Greeks had come the legend of an Atlantis, which, through the centuries assumed changing shapes, losing soon its status as continent and becoming an Island. The name varied from Braclr, Brazil, Brazylle to O'Brasile, and the position shifted with equal Instability; now the mythical island was near the Azores, now near the western coast of the British Isles. Into their dis- cussion came a paradise beyond the sea, — a western Island variously described as a land of promise, of felicity and 1 London, However this may be, the first name officially given to Brazil was The Land of the True or Holy Cross; only later did the name Brazil, said to have been bestowed by King Emanuel of Portugal, replace the pious title.

The beam of the cross yielded to a humbler wood as the national designa- tion, just as the pious pretensions of the early colonizers quickly vanished before their impious greed. The early reports of the newly discovered land lived up to the paradisical visions that had partly inspired the quest. Truly here was a land of promise, a terrestrial paradise that made men dip their pens in milk and honey when they wrote of its wonders.

Vaz de Ca- minha, in what has been called the nation's "baptismal certificate," grew rhapsodical in vain; Vespucci, — he for whom the American continent was named, — actually termed it an earthly paradise, but the Portuguese were slow to value the new possession; the cross was not a cross of gold. Nobrega, in , exaggerated the extent of the new discovery even as others were to exaggerate the variety and magic of its fauna and flora; he consid- 2 Cf.

Spanish and Portuguese brasa, a live coal. Padre Anchieta, the noble leader of the Jesuits, repeated Vespucci's glorification and thought the new land not inferior to Portugal, and thus ran the litany of adoration from the topographical pen of Gabriel Soares to the chronicler Cardim, to the pom- pous Rocha Pitta, and — now with realistic modifications aplenty — down to our own day, when Graga Aranha, by the very title of his novel Chanaan, reveals his conception of his native country as the Land of Promise. From the very beginning the new discovery had captivated the imaginations of the Europeans; to this day its chief quality is the imagination which Senhor Aranha, in a speech at the Sorbonne 19 13 has distinguished from the imagination of other peoples.

It is not the faculty of idealization, nor the creation of life through esthetic expression, nor the predominance of thought; it is rather the illusion that comes from the representation of the universe, the state of magic, in which reality is dissipated and is transformed into an image. The distant roots of this imagination may be found in the souls of the various races that met amidst the lavishness of tropical nature. Each people brought to the fusion its own melancholy.

Each, having arrived with a spirit full of the terror of several gods, with the anguish of memories of a past forever lost, was possessed by the indefinable uneasiness of the foreign land. Its vigour and languor; trees that last for cen- turies and flowers that bloom but a few moments; lianas that live upon the sap of other growths; the brilliancy of orchids, the voices of birds of Iridescent coloration, the heat. There Is In the soul of every Brazilian the same contrasts that characterize the tropical forest.

Is not all forest any more than. In- tellectually, it Is all tropical confusion. There are mountains and valleys and extensive coasts, and each region has a distinguishing Influence upon the inhabitant. There is no audacious flight, he declares; no soar- ing of eagles and condors. Our popular novels and anonymous songs are scant in plot, ingenious imaginings, marvelous imagery, which are so common in their Slavic, Celtic, Greek and Germanic congeners. And the contribution brought by the negroes and indigenous tribes are even poorer than the part that came to us from the Portuguese.

Our imagination, which is of simply decorative type, is the imagination of lyric spirits, of the sweet, monodic poetry of new souls and young peoples. It refers here to the plateau of the Brazilian interior. In the opening pages of his excellent A Brazilian Mystic, R. Cunninghame-Graham suggests as a periphra- sis, "wooded, back-lying highlands. The man of the coast is nervous, of acute sensibility; he can smile and laugh, he has a brilliant imagination and is a boisterous, turbulent thinker; he is an artist, preferring colored images to abstract ideas; he is slender, of well-proportioned lines, speaks at his best when improvising, discusses affairs with the utmost ease, and at times with daring, and generally respects only his own opinions; he is almost always proud and bold.

The man of the sertao, for example, is Euclydes da Cunha; the man of the coast, Joaquim Nabuco. Peqtiena Historia da Literatura Brasileira. Rio de Janeiro, Joaquim Nabuco was a distinguished publicist and writer, born in Pernambuco. In he was ambassador to the United States. These vapours, on touching the shore, are, at periodical intervals, condensed into rain ; and as their progress westward is checked by that gigantic chain of the Andes, which they are unable to pass, they pour the whole of their moisture on Brazil, which, in consequence, is often deluged by the most de- structive torrents.

This abundant supply, being aided by that vast river-system peculiar to the eastern part of America, and being also accompanied by heat, has also stimulated the soil into an activity unequalled in any other part of the world. Brazil, which is nearly as large as the whole of Europe, is covered with a vegetation of incredible profusion.

Such is the flow and abundance of life by which Brazil is marked above ail other countries of the earth. But, amid this pomp and splendour of Nature, no place is left for Man. He is reduced to insignificance by the majesty with which he is surrounded. The forces that oppose him are so formidable, that he has never been able to make head against them, never able to rally against their accumulated pressure. The whole of Brazil, notwithstanding its immense apparent advantages, has always remained entirely uncivilized, its inhabitants, wandering savages, incompetent to resist these obstacles which the very bounty of Nature had put in their way.

The mountains are too high to scale, the rivers are too wide to bridge ; everything is contrived to keep back the human mind, and repress its rising ambition. It is thus that the energies of Nature have hampered the spirit of Man. Nowhere else is there so painful a contrast between the grandeur of the external world and the littleness of the internal.

And the mind, cowed by this unequal struggle, has not only been unable to advance, but without foreign aid it would undoubtedly have receded. These considerations explain why it is, that in the whole of Brazil there are no monuments even of the most imperfect civilization ; no evidence that the people had, at any period, raised themselves above the state in which they were found when their country was first discovered.

Atualidades !!!

Brazil, he declares, far from suffering excessive rainfall, is sub- ject to calamitous and destructive droughts. The Eng- lishman, who never visited Brazil, errs likewise in his conception of the country's natural wonders, which he exaggerates in the traditional fashion that was handed down by the earliest comers. Despite the presence of the Amazon, the rivers in general are small, not the largest in the world; the mountains, similarly, far from rearing their crests into unattainable cloudy heights, are "of the fourth and fifth order when compared with their fellows of the old world or the new.

Neither are the animals in Brazil more gigantic and ferocious than else- where. We haven't the elephant, the camel, the hippopotamus, the lion, the tiger, the rhinoceros, the zebra, the giraffe, the buffalo, the gorilla, the chimpanzee, the condor and the eagle. In conclusion, "Buckle is right in the picture he draws of our backwardness, but wrong in the determination of its causes. Chief among the second is the "relative incapacity" of the three races that comprise the population. To the last be- long the "historic factors called politics, legislation, habits, customs, which are effects that afterward act as causes.

Buckle's passage "is not, as it appeared to the illustrious Brazilian writer, 'true in a general sense. Buckle's error consisted in considering the evolution of peoples solely under the influence of physical and geographical factors; more enduring than these are the ethnico-historical factors, which are much more im- portant and far more powerful than the first. In substance, he repeats. At the time that Buckle's first volume was originally published , BrazIHan lit- erature had long entered upon an autonomous career and was In the throes of Romanticism, which in Brazil was an era of intense and highly fruitful production.

He can hardly be blamed for his ignorance on this score, when an authority like Ferdinand Wolf, writing his Le Bresil Litteraire some six years later, is accused by the 8 Op. II Three ethnic strains have combined to produce the Brazilian of today: The native element, known as the Brazilian-Guarany, at the time of the discovery knew no metals; they pos- sessed a rudimentary knowledge of weaving, and some of them practised ceramics; their instruments were of pol- ished stone, and their fishing and hunting implements were of the most primitive.

The form of organization was rough. Some respected certain rules of morality and religion, in which, for example, the family ties were sacred. Ethnologists are not agreed upon the religious status of the tribes, hover- ing between the hypotheses of polytheism and anthropo- morphic animism; the latter is more likely. The Portuguese came at the height of their national glory. The sixteenth century, famed among them for its physical prowess, is also the epoch of Camoes, Sa da Miranda, Bernardim Ribeiro and Gil Vicente.

As to 9De Carvalho. Two chief ethnic periods of formation have been dis- tinguished in Brazil's development, the first from the XVIth century to the end of the XVIIIth; the second, from the opening of the XlXth century to the present day. In the first period there was, chiefly, a crossing of the Portuguese with the Indian mameluco , of the Por- tuguese with the Negro miilato and of the Indian with the Negro cafuso.

Later interbreeding becomes more complex, owing to the influx of new immigrants from Europe Italians and Germans in particular, and Slavs in the south , and to the abolition of black slavery. So that the question has arisen whether the fu- ture of the land will be in the hands of the Luso-Brazilian or the Teuto-Italo-Brazilian. Brazilians naturally fa- vour the former eventuality and in order to insure dom- inance by the Portuguese-Brazilian element propose new systems of colonization as well as immigration zones.

Romero reached the conclusion that the Brazilian people did not constitute a race, but rather a fusion. As to whether this was a good or an evil he answered, in his "sclentlficlst" way, that it was a fact, and that this should be sufiicient Since the Indian is fast disap- pearing and as traffic in blacks was abolished in 1, and slavery in , white predominance seems assured. The Brazihan is by nature melancholy, for melancholy is an attribute of each of the three streams that flow in his blood. It has been recognized that the climate of Brazil has resulted in a lyrism sweeter, softer and more passionate than that of the Portuguese.

The simple fact is that life, in language as In biology, is change. For the Spanish of Spanish-America, Remy de Gourmont, with his insatiable appetite for novelty, originated the term neo-Spanish. It met with much op- 10 Saudade. Compare English longing, yearning, or German Sehnsucht. The noted Colombian philol- ogist Rufino Cuervo, in a controversy with the genial conservative Valera, voiced his belief that the Spanish of the new world would grow more and more unlike the parent tongue.

It does not matter, for the purpose of the present discussion, whether the linguistic cleavage in any of the instances here given will eventually prove so definite as to originate new tongues. Such an outcome is far less probable today than it was, say, in the epoch when Latin, through its vulgar form, was breaking up into the Romance languages. Widespread education and the printing press are conserving influences, acting as a check upon capricious modification. One of the soundest and most sensible documents upon the Portuguese language in Brazil comes from the pen of the admirable critic Jose Verissimo.

A species of national pride finds vent in philological channels through the discovery of "localisms" in each of the Spanish-American republics.

At the most this is of dialectic or sub-dialectic importance, but it illustrates an undoubted trend and supports Cuervo's contentions. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. It would be a pure absurdity, then, to expect the Brazilian, the North American or the Spanish-American to write the classic tongue of his mother country. And justly, Verissimo asks a similar question for Brazil. I do not believe that among cultured tongues there is one that has given rise to so many controversial cases, or to so many and so diverse contradictions among its lead- ing writers.

Afranio Peixoto and Monteiro Lobato. Sayce, takes as his standard of grammatical correctness that which is "ac- cepted by the great body of those who speak a language, not what is laid down by a grammarian. Without this, however deep his grammatical knowledge of the language, however per- fectly he apes the classics, no man is a writer. The language of Brazil, then, is not the Portuguese of Lisbon. From the phonological viewpoint there is less palatalization of the final 5 and z than is customary in Portugal; Brazil has a real diphthong ou, which in Lisbonese has become a close o or the diphthong oi.

Its pronunciation of the diphthong ei is true, whereas in Lisbon this approximates to ai with a as in English above, or like the u of cut. Neither is the grammar identical with that of Portugal. It is no 15 Note, for example, the various spellings of the word literature here used as in the originals. To speak differently is not to speak incorrectly. New plants, new fruits, new animals compelled new words. Native terms enriched the vocabulary.

Of course, as has hap- pened with us, often a word for which the new nation is reproached turns out to be an original importation from the motherland. One of the oldest documents in the history of Brazilianisms appeared in Paris during the first quarter of the XlXth century and is reprinted by Joao Ribeiro as a rarity little known to his countrymen; it formed part of the Introduction a I' Atlas ethnographique du globe, prepared by Adrien Balbi and covering the races and languages of the world.

The Portuguese sec- tion was entrusted to Domingos Borges de Barros, baron and later viscount de Pedra Branca, a warm advocate of Brazilian independence, then recently achieved. This, according to Ribeiro, is supposed to constitute the "first theoretical contribution" to the study of Brazilianisms. It is written in French, and because of its documentary importance I translate it in good measure: The Portuguese tongue abounds in terms and phrases for the expression of im- pulsive movements and strong actions. In Portuguese one strikes with everything; and when the Frenchman, for example, feels the need of adding the word coup to the thing with which he does the striking, the Portuguese expresses it with the word of the instrument alone.

One says, in French, tin coup de pierre; in Portuguese, pedrada a blow with a stone ; un coup de couteau is expressed in Portuguese by facada a knife thrust and so on. Harshness of the pro- nunciation has accompanied the arrogance of expression. But this tongue, transported to Brazil, breathes the gentleness of the climate and of the character of its inhabitants ; it has gained in usage and in the expression of tender sentiments, and while it has preserved all its energy it possesses more amenity.

In the XVIIth century faceira was synonymous with pelintra, petimetre, elegante respec- tively, poor fellow, dandy, fashionable youth ; it became obsolete in Portugal, but in Brazil was preserved with exclusive application to the feminine. The Brazilian words unknown in Portugal are some fifty in number upon the Baron's list. Costa finds that Portuguese, crossing the Atlantic, '.

Through the influence of the climate, through the new ethnic elements, — the voluptuous, indolent Negro and Indian, passionate to the point of crime and sacrifice, — the pronunciation of Portuguese by the Brazilian ac- quired, so to say, a musical modulation, slow, chanting, soft, — a language impregnated with poesy and languor, quite different from that spoken in Portugal. The question whether that literature is largely derivative or independent is relatively unimportant and academic, as is the analogous question concerning the essential difference of language.

I of the two volumes that appeared in Lisbon in , pages , has some interesting remarks upon the early hispanization of Portuguese in Brazil. Among such effects of Spanish upon Brazilian Portuguese he notes the transposition of the possessive pronouns; the opening of all vowels, thus avoiding the elision of final e or converting final into u; the pronunciation of s at the end of a syllable as s instead of as sh, which is the Portuguese rule.

Much has been written upon the subject of nationalism in art — too much, indeed, — and of this, alto- gether too large a part has been needlessly obscured by the fatuities of the narrowly nationalistic mind. There Is, of course, such a thing as national character, though even this has been overdone by writers until the traits thus considered have been so stencilled upon popular thought that they resemble rather caricatures than characteristics.

True natlonahsm in literature is largely a product of the writer's unconscious mind; it is a spontaneous manifesta- tion, and no Intensity of set purpose can create It unless the psychological substratum is there. For the rest, literature belongs to art rather than to nationality, to esthetics rather than to politics and geography.

If I bring up the matter here at all it Is because such a writer as Sylvlo Romero, intent upon emphasizing national themes, now and again distorts the image of his subject, mistaking civic virtue 19 The wise Goethe onjce said to Eckermann: Therein is he like the eagle, who hovers with free gaze over whole countries, and to whom it is of no conse- quence whether the hare on which he pounces is running in Prussia or in Saxony.

And then, what is meant by love of one's country? What is meant by patriotic deeds? If the poet has employed a life in battling with pernicious prejudice, in setting aside narrow views, in enlightening the minds, purifying the tastes, ennobling the feelings and thoughts of his countrymen, what better could he have done? The same Romero, for example, — a volcanic personality who never erred upon the side of modesty, false or true, — speaks thus of his own poetry: I initiated the reaction against Romanticism in By calling for a poetry in agreement with contemporary philosophy. Now, it is no more the business of poetry to agree with contemporary philosophy than for it to "agree" with contemporary nationalism.

Goethe, reproached for not having taken up arms in the German War of Liberation, "or at least co-operating as a poet," replied that it would have all been well enough to have written martial verse within sound of the enemy's horses; however, "that was not my life and not my busi- ness, but that of Theodor Korner.

His war-songs suit him perfectly. But to me, who am not of a warlike na- ture and who have no warlike sense, war-songs would have been a mask which would have fitted my face very badly. I have never affected anything in my po- etry. I have never uttered anything which I have not experienced, and which has not urged me to produc- tion. I have only composed love-songs when I have loved. How could I write songs of hatred without hat- ing! Robert Bridges, had not produced any appropriate war-verse in celebration of the four years' madness.

The fact belongs to literary history; only when vitalized by the breath of a commanding personality does it enter the realm of art. The history of our own United States literature raises similar problems, which have compelled the editors of The Cambridge History of American Liter- ature to make certain reservations. Tor nearly two hundred years a people with the same traditions and with the same intellectual capacities as their contemporaries across the sea found themselves obliged to dispense with art for art.

It is indicative, however, that where this condition favoured prose as against verse in the United States, verse in Brazil flourished from the start and bulks altogether too large in the national output. We may take it, then, as axiomatic that Brazilian literature is not exclusively national; no literature is, and any attempt to keep it rigidly true to a norm chosen through a mistaken identification of art with geography and politics is merely a retarding influence.

Like all de- rivative literatures, Brazilian literature displays outside influences more strongly than do the older literatures with a tradition of continuity behind them. The history of all letters is largely that of intellectual cross-fertilization. The stirrings of the century reach Brazil around , and the interval from then to , the date of the Ro- manticist triumph in France, marks what has been termed a transitional epoch.

After , letters in Brazil dis- play a decidedly autonomous tendency long forecast, for that matter, in the previous phases , and exhibit that diversity which has characterized French literature since the Romantics went out of power. For It is France that forms the chief influence over latter-day Brazilian letters. So true Is this that Costa, with personal exaggeration, can write: Only yes- terday, in Brazil, a similar, if less Ingenious, attack was launched against the same country on the score of its de- nationalizing effect. Yet It is France which was chiefly re- sponsible for that modernism which Infused new life into the language and art of Spanish America, later affecting the motherland itself.

And If liter- ary currents have since, in Spanish America, veered to a new-world attitude, so are they turning In Brazil. Historia de la Lengua y L'lteratura Cas- tellana, Madrid, to the present. As in the United States, so in Brazil, side by side with the purists and the traditionalists a new school is springing up, — native yet not necessarily national in a narrow sense; a genuine na- tional personality is being forged, whence will come the literature of the future. As to the position of the writer in Brazil and Spanish America, it is still a very precarious one, not alone from the economic viewpoint but from the climatological.

Wherefore we produce little; we quickly weary, age and soon die. The nation needs a dietetic regimen. The Brazilian is an ill-balanced being, impaired at the very root of exis- tence; made rather to complain than to invent, contem- plative rather than thoughtful; more lyrical and fond of dreams and resounding rhetoric than of scientific, demonstrable facts. The reading public, especially in earlier days, was always small.

Of the remaining ,, , read only newspapers, 50, read French books, 30, read translations. To which the speaker replies, "They don't read us. This is a lost country. But they illustrate a fundamental truth. Literature in Brazil has been, literally, a triumph of mind over matter. Taken as a whole it is thus, at this stage, not so much an esthetic ais an autonomic af- firmation.

Just as the nation, ethnologically, represents the fusion of three races, with the whites at the head, so, intellectually, does it represent a fusion of Portuguese tradition, native spontaneity and modern European cul- ture, with France still predominant.

We may recapitulate the preceding chapter in the fol- lowing paragraph: Brazilian literature derives chiefly from the Portuguese race, language and tradition as modified by the blending of the colonizers with the native Indians and the imported African slaves. At first an imitative prolongation of the Portuguese heritage, it gradually acquires an autonomous character, entering later into the universal currents of literature as represented by European and particularly French culture.

Fernandez Pinheiro and De Carvalho 19 19 reduce the phases to a minimum of three; the first, somewhat too neatly, divides them into that of the Formative Period XVIth through XVIIth century , the Period of Development XVIIIth cen- tury , the Period of Reform XlXth century ; the tal- ented De Carvalho accepts Romero's first period, from to , calling it that of Portuguese dominance, inserts a Transition period from to t"he date of the triumph of French Romanticism in , and labels the subsequent phase the Autonomous epoch.

This is better than Wolf's five divisions and the no less than sixteen suggested by the restless Romero in the resume that he wrote in for the Livro do Centenario. Italian influence is very strong in law, and that of the United States in political organization. As will be seen in a later chapter, the United States had, through Cooper, a share in the "Indianism" of the Brazilian Romanticists. Our Longfellow, Hawthorne, Whitman and Poe are well known, the latter pair through French rather than the original channels. Accordingly, the four chapters that follow will deal succinctly with these successive phrases of the nation's lit- erature.

Not so much separate works or men as the suf- , fusing spirit will engage our attention; what we are here interested in is the formation and development of the Brazilian imaginative creative personality and its salient products. See, for details, the Selective Bibliography at the back of the book. IT Is a question whether the people as a mass have really created the poetry and legends which long have been grouped under the designation of folk lore. Here, as in the more rarefied atmosphere of art, it is the gifted individual who originates or formulates the central theme, which is then passed about like a small coin that changes hands frequently; the sharp edges are blunted, the mint-mark is erased, but the coin remains essentially as at first.

The people is the great creator, sincere and spontaneous, of national epics, the inspirer of artists, stimulator of warriors, director of the fatherland's destinies.

Upon the lore and iQp. The study of the Brazilian popular muse owes much to the investigations of the tireless, ubiquitous Sylvio Romero, whom later writers have largely drawn upon. The most- copious data are furnished, quite naturally, by the Portu- guese. Hybrid verses appear as an aural and visible symbol of the race-mixture that began almost immedi- ately; there are thus stanzas composed of blended verses of Portuguese and Tupy, of Portuguese and African. Here, as example, is a Portuguese-African song tran- scribed by Romero in Pernambuco: Voce gosta de mim, Eu gosto de voce ; Se papa consentir, Oh, meu hem, Eu caso com voce.

Ale, ale, calunga, Mussunga, mussunga-e. Se me da de vestir, Se me da de comer, Se me paga a casa, Oh, meu hem, Eu moro com voce. The themes are the universal ones of love and fate, with now and then a flash of humour and earthy practicality. In the same way the folk tales are referred to Portuguese, native and African ori- gin, with a more recent addition of mestico hybrid, mestee material. To the native, as is gathered from his most famous tales, skill was surely a better weapon than strength.

If pa consents, oh my darling, I'll marry you.

If you'll give me my clothes and furnish my food, if you pay all the household expenses, oh, my darling, I'll come to live with you. The Brazilian section occupies pages At times, as during the Romantic period, this be- comes almost dominant. Our folk lore serves to show that the Brazilian people, despite its moodiness and sentimentality, retains at bottom a clear comprehension of life and a sound, admirable inner energy that, at the first touch, bursts forth unexpected and indomitable.

For us, the essential point Is that Brazilian popular poetry and tale exhibit the char- acteristic national hybridism; the exotic here feeds upon the exotic. These are no times for esthetic leisure; an Indifferent monarch occupies the throne in 6 For an enlightening exposition of the Portuguese popular refrain known as cossantes, see A. Bell's Portuguese Literature, London, , pages Their salient trait, like that of their Brazilian re- lative, is a certain wistful sadness. For, though the majority of Portuguese in Brazil, as was natural, were spiritually inhabitants of their mother country, already there had arisen among some a fondness for a land of so many enchantments.

Jose de Anchieta — is now generally re- garded as the earliest of the Brazilian writers. He is, to Romero, the pivot of his century's letters. For more than fifty years he was the instructor of the population; for his beloved natives he wrote grammars, lexicons, plays, hymns; a gifted polyglot, he employed Portuguese, Spanish, Latin, Tupy; he penned the first autos and mys- teries produced in Brazil. His influence, on the whole, however, was more practical than literary; he was not, in the esthetic sense a writer, but rather an admirable Jesuit who performed, amidst the greatest difficulties, a work of elementary civilization.

The homage paid to his name during the commemoration of the tercentenary of his death was not only a personal tribute but in part, too, a rectification of the national attitude toward the Jesuit company which he distinguished. It was the Jesuits who early established schools in the nation in they opened at Bahia the first institution of "higher educa- tion" ; it was they who sought to protect the Indians from the cruelty of the over-eager exploiters; Senhor Oliveira Lima has even suggested that it was owing to a grateful recollection of the services rendered to the PERIOD OF FORMATION 33 country by the Jesuits that the separation between Church and State, decreed by the Republic in , was effected in so dignified and peaceful a manner.

Lima quotes Ribeiro to the effect that the province of Brazil already possessed three colegios in Anchieta's time, and that the Jesuits, by the second half of the sixteenth century had already brought at least , natives under their guidance. Anchieta's position as precursor is more secure than his merits as a creative spirit. His chief works are Brasilica Societatis Historia et vita clarorum Patriim qui in Brasilia vixerunt, a Latin series of biographies of his fellow-workers; Arte da grammatica da litigoa mats usada na costa do Brasil, a philological study; his Cartas letters ; and a number of aiitos and poems.

Next to Anchieta, Bento Teixeira Pinto, who flour- ished in the second half of the sixteenth century, is Brazil's most ancient poet. Formacion Historica de la Nacionalidad Bras'tlena. This Spanish version, by Carlos Pereyra, is much easier to procure than the original. To that same noble personage, governor of Pernam- buco, is dedicated the Prosopopea, undoubtedly the work of Bento Teixeira, and just as undoubtedly a pedestrian performance in stilted hendecasyllabic verses, ninety-four octaves in all, in due classic form.

There is much imi- tation of Camoes, who, indeed, entered Brazilian liter- ature as a powerful influence through these prosaic lines of Bento Teixeira. The passage is utterly uninspired; Neptune and Argos rub shoulders with the harharos amid an insipid succession of verses. Verissimo sees, in the entire poem, no "shadow of the influence of the new milieu in which it was conceived and executed.

This is the only merit that Bento Teixeira can boast. It is astonishing how the attention of a single person could oc- cupy itself with so many things. It consists of two letters, dated and addressed to the provincial of the Company in Portugal. He attributes the swelling fhorus of eu- logies to what might today be called a national "inferiority complex.

For, "it was exactly in this year. According to Romero the chron- iclers exhibit thus early the duplex tendency of Brazilian literature, — description of nature and description of the savage. The tendency grows during the seventeenth century and in the eighteenth becomes predominant, so that viewed in this light, Brazilian natlvism, far from being the creation of nineteenth century Romanticism, was rather a historic prolongation.

Ill The sporadic evidences of a nascent natlvism become in the seventeenth century a conscious affirmation. The struggle against the Dutch in Pernambuco and the French in Maranhao compelled a union of the colonial forces and instilled a sort of Brazilian awareness. The economic situation becomes more firm, so that Romero may regard the entire century as the epoch of sugar, even as the succeeding century was to be one of gold, and the nineteenth, — as indeed the twentieth, — one of coffee. Around this tiny but powerful nucleus revolve all the political and economic affairs of the young nationality.

Two profoundly serious factors also appear: The Lutheran, English or Flemish, was the common enemy. Spanish influence, as represented in the all- conquering Gongora, vied with that of the poets of the Italian and Portuguese renaissance; Tasso, Lope de 'Vega, Gabriel de Castro and a host of others were much read and imitated.

And in the background rose a rude civilization reared upon slavery and greed, providing rich 11 Oliveira Lima, op. And this absence of a repre- sentative poet is evidenced throughout our literature, since, after all, the Indianism of the XlXth century was only a poetic convention grafted upon the trunk of the political break with the Portuguese fatherland. The fact is that the exploits of yesterday still await the singer who shall chant them. The Indians were idealized by a Romanticism in quest of elevated souls; the Africans found defenders who rose in audacious flight, but the brave pioneers of the conquest, men of epic stature, have not received even the same measure of sympathy.

Vieira, the symbol of "Portuguese arro- gance in action and vacuity in ideas"; Gregorio Mattos, the most perfect incarnation of the Brazilian spirit, "face- tious, informal, ironic, sceptical, a precursor of the Bo- hemios. The salient chroniclers and preachers of the century may be passed over in rapid review.

At their head easily stands Frei Vicente do Salvador, — author of the Historia da Ciistodia do Brasil, which was not published until , more than two hundred and sixty years after it was written His editor, Capistrano de Abreu, has pointed out his importance as a reagent against the dominant tendency of spiritual serv- itude to Portugal.

Manoel de Moraes 1 enjoys what might be called a cenotaphic renown as the author of a Historia da America that has never been found. Of far sterner stuff than his vagrant brother Gregorio was the preacher Eusebio de Mattos — who late in life left the Company of Jesus. As Eusebio was dubbed, in the fashion of the day, a second Orpheus for his playing upon the harp and the viola, so Antonio de Sa — be- came the "Portuguese Chrysostom," Yet little gold flowed in his speech, which fairly out-G6ngora-ed Gon- gora himself.

Manoel Botelho de Oliveira i 1 was the first Brazilian poet to publish a book of verses. His Miisica do Parnaso em quatro coros de rimas portuguezas, cas- telhanas, itaJianas e latinas, com sen descante comico re- diizido em duas comedias was published at Lisbon in Yet for all this battery of tongues there is little in the book to commend it, and it would in all likelihood be all but forgotten by today were it not for the descriptive poem A Ilha da Marc, in which has been discovered, — as we have seen in our citation from Verissimo, — one of the earliest manifestations of nativism; Botelho de Oliveira's Brazilianism, as appears from his preface, was a con- scious attitude, and the patient, plodding cataloguing of the national fruit-garden precedes by a century the seventh canto of the epic Caramuru; but for all this, there are in the three hundred and twenty-odd lines of the poem only some four verses with any claim to poetic illumination.

The depths of bathetic prose are reached in a passage oft 13 De Carvalho. Tenho explicado as fruitas e os legumes, Que dao a Portugal muitos ciumes; Tenho recopilado O que Brasil contem para invejado, E para preferir a toda terra, Em si perfeitos quatro AA encerra. Tem o primeiro A, nos arvoredos Sempre verdes aos olhos, sempre ledos; Tem o segunda A nos ares puros, Na temperie agradaveis e seguros; Tem o terceiro A, nas aguas frias Que refrescam o peito e sao sadias, O quarto A, no assucar deleitoso. Romero found the poet's nationalism an external affair; "the pen wished to de- pict Brazil, but the soul belonged to Spanish or Portu- guese cultism.

As title to preference over all the rest of the earth it enfolds four A's. The four A's then, are arvoredos, assucar, aguas, ares. Romero, who considered him the pivot of seventeenth-century letters in Brazil, would claim for him, too, the title of creator of that liter- ature, because he was — though educated, like most of the cultured men of his day, at Coimbra — a son of the soil, more nationally minded than Anchieta and in perfect harmony with his milieu. He reveals a Brazilian man- ner of handling the language; indeed, he " is the docu- ment in which we can appreciate the earliest modifica-.

He repre- sents the tendency of the various races to poke fun at one another. More important still, he betrays a nas- cent discontent with the mother country's rule. He is "the genuine imitator of our lyric poetry and of our lyric intuition. His brasileiro was not the caboclo nor the Negro nor the Portuguese; he was already the son of the soil, able to ridicule the separatist pretensions of the three races.

Verissimo however — and the case may well be taken as an instance of the un- settled conditions prevailing in Brazilian literary criti- cism — takes a view antipodally apart.

NOTÍCIAS RECENTES

To suppose that there is in Gregorio de Mattos any originality of form or content is to show one's ignorance of the Portuguese poetry of his time, and of the Spanish, which was so close to It and which the Portuguese so much imitated, and which he, in particular, fairly plagiarized. Verissimo, I believe, overstates his case. That Gre- gorio de Mattos was not an original creative spirit may at once be admitted.

But he was an undoubted per- sonality; he aimed his satiric shafts only too well at prom- inent creatures of flesh and blood and vindictive pas- sions ; he paid for his ardour and temerity with harsh exile and in the end would seem even to have evinced a sincere repentance. The motto of his life's labours, indeed, might be a line from one of his most impertinent poems: I, who cannot hold my tongue. Nor did Gregorio de Mattos hold his tongue, whether in the student days at Coimbra — where already he was feared for that wagging lance — or during his later vicis- situdes in Brazil.

In he married Maria dos Povos, whose reward for advising him to give up his satiric habits was to be made the butt of his next satire. It would have been a miracle if he were either happy with or faithful to her; he was neither. He slashed right and left about him; argued cases — and won them! Now his venom bursts forth all the less restrained. Histolre de la Litterahire bresilienne suwie d'un cho'ix de morceaux tires des meilleurs auteurs b r esiliens par Ferdinand Wolf. See, for a discussion of this book, the Selective Critical Bibliography at the back of the present work.

Upon his return to Brazil he was prohibited from writ- ing verses and sought solace in his viola, in which he was skilled. Gregorio de Mattos's satire sought familiar targets: He can turn a pretty and empty compliment almost as gracefully as his Spanish models. But it is really too much to institute a serious comparison between him and Verlaine, as Carvalho would do.

Some outward resemblance there is in the lives of the men yet how com- mon after all, are repentance after ribaldry, and connubial 17 Op. IS The Brazilians are beasts, hard at work their lives long, in order to support Portuguese knaves.

For, as he indicates, the early Brazil- ian's labours "represent in the history of our letters, it is needful to repeat, the revolt of bourgeois common sense against the ridiculousness of the Portuguese nobility. I am surprised that no Brazilian has found for Gre- gorio de Mattos Guerra a parallel spirit much nearer than Verlaine in both time and space. The Peruvian Ca- viedes was some twenty years younger than his Brazilian contemporary; his life has been likened to a picaresque novel.

He was no closet-spirit and his addiction to the flesh, no whit less ardent than Gregorio's, resulted in the unmentionable affliction. He, too, repented, before marriage rather than after; his wife dying, he surrendered to drink and died four years before the Brazilian, if is the correct date. He knew his Quevedo quite as well as did Gregorio and has been called "the first revolutionary, the most illustrious of colonial poets.

Los Poetas de la Colonia, Pp. There is a pleasant, if somewhat conventional, epigrammatical quality to it, as to more than one of the others, and there Is little reason for questioning its sincerity. Every satirist, at bottom, contains an elegiac poet, — the ashes that remain after the fireworks have exploded. If here, as elsewhere, only the feeling belongs to the poet, since both form and content are of the old world whence he drew so many of his topics and so much of his inspiration, there is an undoubted grafting of his salient personality upon the imported plant.

Nasce o Sol; e nao dura mais que um dia, Depois da luz, se segue a noite escura, Em tristes sombras morre a formosura, Em continuas tristezas a alegria. Porem, se acaba o sol, porque nascia? Se formosa a luz e, porque nao dura? Como a belleza assim se trasfigura? Como o gosto, da pena assim se fia? Mas no sol, e na luz, fake a firmeza, Na formosura nao se da constancia, E na alegria, sinta-se a tristeza. Comece o mundo, emfim, pela ignorancia; Pols tem qualquer dos bens, por natureza, A firmeza somente na inconstancia. Why, then, if the sun must die, was it born? Why, if light be beautiful, does it not endure?

How is beauty thus transfigured? How does pleasure thus trust pain? But let firmness be lacking in sun and light, let permanence flee beauty, and in joy, let there be a note of sadness. Let the world begin, at length, in ignorance; for, whatever the boon, it is by nature constant only in its inconstancy. The external enemies had been fought off the outer boundaries in the preceding century; now had come the time for the conquest of the interior. Men and women of all ages, together with the necessary animals, composed these moving outposts of conquest.

This was a living epic; the difficulties were all but insurmountable and the heroism truly superhuman. No literature this, — with its law of the jungle which is no law, — with its immitigable cruelty to resisting indigenous tribes, and finally, the internecine strife born of partial failure, envy and vindictiveness.

While the bandeirantes were carrying on the tradition of Portuguese bravery — evidence of a restlessness which Carvalho would find mirrored even today in the "intel- lectual nomadism" of his countrymen, as well as in their political and cultural instability — the literary folk of the civilized centers were following the tradition of Portu- guese imitation. At Bahia and Rio de Janeiro Academies 22 "The story of Xenophon's Ten Thousand is but a child's tale com- pared with the fearless adventure of our colonial brothers.

A sort of "spite" academy, then, this first Brazil- ian body, but constituting at the same time, in a way, a new-world affirmation. Among the other academies were that of the Felizes i. Although the influence of Gongora was receding, Rocha Pitta's Historia da America Portii- gueza is replete with pompous passages, exaggerated estimates and national "boostings" that read betimes like the gorgeous pamphlets issued by a tourist company. Pride in the national literature is already evident. The itch to write epics is rife; it bites Joao de Brito Lima, who indites a work Cezaria in octaves praising the Viceroy.

Gonzalo Soares de Franca exceeds this record in his Brazilia, adding octaves to the score. Eustace, in six cantos, each preceded by an octave summary; the fifth canto contains a quasiprophetic vision in which posterity, in the guise of an old man, requests the author to celebrate his native isle. This section, the Ilha da Itaparica, has rescued the poem from total oblivion. Some wrote In Latin altogether upon Brazilian topics, as witness Prudencio do Amaral's poem on sugar-man- ufacture no less! It is a barren half century for literature.

Outside of the author of the Eustachidos and the two Important figures to which we soon come only the brothers Bartholomeu Lourengo and Alexandre de Gusmao are remembered, and they do no-t come properly within the range of literary history. The one was a physicist and mathematician; the other, a statesman. Also, the influence of distance on vulnerable groups in utilization has not been an object of survey by researchers. This paper addresses the impact of distance on utilization, and how distance compares with travel time and transport cost that are related to it in the utilization of health services in the Ahafo- Ano South rural district in Ghana.

The study, a cross-sectional survey, also identifies the position of distance among other important factors of utilization. A sample of , drawn through systematic random technique, was used for the survey. Data were analysed using the regression model and some graphic techniques. The main instruments used in data collection were formal face-by-face interview and a questionnaire. The survey finds that distance is the most important factor that influences the utilization of health services in the Ahafo- Ano South district.

Other key factors are income, service cost and education. The effect of travel time on utilization reflects that of distance and utilization. Recommendations to reduce distance coverage, improve formal education and reduce poverty have been made. A prospective study of 50 patients suffering from Bhagandara Fistula in Ano age ranging from years treated by Kshara sutra therapy Place: January to July Multiple approaches to understanding the taxonomic status of an enigmatic new scorpion species of the genus Tityus Buthidae from the biogeographic island of Paraje Tres Cerros Argentina.

We also present a molecular species delimitation analysis between Tityus curupi n. Furthermore, a cytogenetic analysis is presented for these two species which contain different multivalent associations in meiosis, as a consequence of chromosome rearrangements, and the highest chromosome numbers in the genus. These planets are too large to be explained with standard models of gas giant planets. In contrast, HAT-P-3b has a radius of 0. Analyses of the transit timings revealed no significant departures from strict periodicity.

Two of the facilities present their first scientific results. New 10 HAT-P-3b light curves and new 26 TrES -3b light curves are reduced and combined by filter to improve the quality of the photometry. Combined light curves fitting is carried out independently by using two different analysis packages, allowing the corroboration of the orbital and physical parameters in the literature. Results find no differences in the relative radius with the observing filter. The Aerodyne Research, Inc. T0 located at the Mexican Petroleum Institute, IMP is heavily influenced by various emission sources in the local area, predominantly roadway traffic.

Relationships between VOCs, and combustion tracers will be used to gain a crude understanding of the initial photochemical processing of the urban emissions. How the initial photochemical processing of Mexico City's air may relate to secondary aerosol production is also explored.

Most cases of chronic fissure do not respond to medical treatment. Razi and Ibn Sina were 2 of the best-known scientists of ancient Persia. The purpose of this study was to find out new scientific evidence in modern medicine about their recommendations, in order to find certain clues to conduct useful researches in the future. First, treatments of anal fissure mentioned by Razi and Ibn Sina were reviewed.

Then, literature search was made in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Almost all remedies suggested by Razi and Ibn Sina have shown their effects on fissure in ano via several mechanisms of action in many in vitro and in vivo studies; Still there is lack of human studies on the subject. Management of anal fissure according to Razi's and Ibn Sina's practices is done based on 3 interventions: Chronic arthritis of the hip joint: We report a case of chronic arthritis of the right hip joint in an otherwise healthy young male athlete as a complication of inadequately treated anal fistula.

He had a history of perianal abscess drainage. On examination he was found to have a tender right hip joint with severe restriction of movements. He was also found to have a partially drained right ischiorectal abscess. X-ray and MRI of the hip joint revealed chronic arthritis of the right hip joint, which was communicating with a complex fistula-in- ano. He underwent a diversion sigmoid colostomy and right ischiorectal abscess drainage along with appropriate antibiotics with a plan for definitive hip joint procedure later. He was lost to follow-up and succumbed to severe perianal sepsis within a few months.

We detect its thermal emission with an eclipse depth of 0. Objective The history of treatments for fistula-in- ano can be traced back to ancient times. Current treatment of transphincteric fistulae is controversial, with many options available. We reviewed the history of treatment using cutting setons and present our series of transphincteric fistulae in the light of the series in the literature.

Design Literature review and case series. Setting Hospital based coloproctology service Participants consecutive patients presenting with fistula-in- ano were included. Main Outcome Measures The literature pertaining to treatment of transphincteric fistula was reviewed, along with the outcome of various treatment methods for this condition.

Data were collected for consecutive patients presenting with fistula- in- ano were assessed for fistula healing, recurrence and complications. Results A total of consecutive patients with fistula-in- ano were identified, of which were cryptoglandular Eighty-one of these were transphincteric At a median follow-up of 35 months range, 2—83 months , 70 transphincteric fistulae had healed Two patients in this group required a stoma 2.

There were no reported cases of incontinence. Conclusions The management of transphincteric fistula-in- ano is complex and controversial, for which no clear surgical procedure has gained acceptance as the gold standard. This study demonstrates that transphincteric fistulae can be successfully treated using cutting setons. A high healing rate Bhagandara Fistula in Ano at modern parlance is a common anorectal condition prevalent in the populations worldwide and its prevalence is second highest after Arsha hemorrhoids. Exploration of the new plants for the preparation of Kshara as a better substitute to Apamarga Kshara is the need of the hour.

To find out an effective alternative to Apamarga K. Total 33 cases of Bhagandara were divided randomly into 3 groups, having 11 patients in each group. Statistically insignificant difference was observed in the efficacy of treatment by subjective parameters like pain, discharge, etc.

It was found that Tilanala K. After differential photometry and light curve analysis, the physical parameters of the two systems are obtained and are in good match with the literature. Combining with transit data from a lot of literature, the residuals O - C of transit observations of both systems are fitted with the linear and quadratic functions.

With the linear fitting, the periods and transit timing variations TTVs of the planets are obtained, and no obvious periodic TTV signal is found in both systems after an analysis. The maximum mass of a perturbing planet located at the 1: New organisms, ecosystems and geohazards in deep water around Puerto Rico. Twelve remotely operated vehicle ROV dives, surveyed seamounts, escarpments, and submarine canyons at depths of , m. Additional ROV exploration of the water column occurred at depths of m.

Dives included three of the deepest dives ever conducted in the Puerto Rico Trench and the first exploration of Exocet and Whiting seamounts. For example, the seastar Laetmaster spectabilis had not been documented since its original description in and a new species of benthopelagic cydippid ctenophore was observed at m in the Aricebo Amphitheater.

Other expedition highlights included two rarely observed blind octopods Cirrothauma murrayi ; novel observation of a symbiotic association between predatory tunicates with polychaete associates; and approximately 75 species of demersal fishes, including a new species of wrasse and the first records of Shaefer's anglerfish and the ateleopodid jellynose in Puerto Rican waters.

ROV dives traversed elements of the complete geological succession from 1 km deep into the Cretaceous volcanic arc basement, across the carbonate platform sequence unconformity and into the uppermost Pliocene carbonates. Highlights included spectacular slope failure headwall scarps and sub-aerial karstic weathering of the youngest carbonates. Cervical dystonias have a variable presentation and underlying etiology, but collectively represent the most common form of focal dystonia.

There are a number of known genetic forms of dystonia DYT ; however the heterogeneity of disease presentation does not always make it easy to categorize the disease by phenotype-genotype comparison. In this report, we describe a year-old female who presented initially with hand tremor following a total hip arthroplasty. The patient developed a mixed hyperkinetic disorder consisting of chorea, dystonia affecting the upper extremities, dysarthria, and blepharospasm. Whole exome sequencing of the patient revealed a novel heterozygous missense variant Chr11 GRCh CW in exon 7 in the ANO 3 gene.

To date, only a handful of cases of DYT have been described in the literature. The complex clinical presentation of the patient described includes hyperkinesias, complex motor movements, and vocal tics, which have not been reported in other patients with DYT This report highlights the utility of using clinical whole exome sequencing in patients with complex neurological phenotypes that would not normally fit a classical presentation of a defined genetic disease.

Multi-informant assessment of anxiety regarding ano -genital examinations for suspected child sexual abuse CSA. Given the commonly held belief that physical examinations for child sexual abuse CSA are very distressing, our primary objective was to evaluate anxiety during these assessments using the Multidimensional Anxiety Score for Children MASC GEDS assessment occurred during the medical exam. A significant subgroup of children reported clinically significant levels of anxiety at the pre-examination assessment However, most subjects reported low anxiety at both pre- and post-examination assessments.

Both child and parent report demonstrated less anxiety, on average, post-examination compared to pre-examination scores. While parent report may identify some child anxiety. The relationship between the dispersion and concentration of sediment in the superficial layers of the Tres Marias reservoir and the dynamics of the drainage basins of its tributaries was verified using LANDSAT MSS imagery.

FLIPPER ELVIRA

The drainage network, dissection patterns, and land use of each watershed were considered in an analysis of multispectral images, corresponding to bands 4,5, and 7, of dry and rainy seasons in , , , and The superficial layer water layers of the reservoir were also divided according to the grey level pattern of each image. Two field trips were made to collect Secchi depths and in situ water reflectance.

It is concluded that it is possible to determine the main factors that act in the dynamics of the drainage basins of a reservoir by simultaneous control of the physical variables and the antropic action of each basin. Abstract Caveolin Cav -1 is an integral membrane protein of caveolae playing a crucial role in various signal transduction pathways. To maintain intestinal motility, loss of caveolae and reduced calcium availability in Cav-1—knockout mice seem to be balanced by a highly increased number of mitochondria in ICC and SMC.

Loss of Ano -1 expression, decrease of SP content and consequently overexpression of NK receptors suggest that all these molecules are Cav-1—associated proteins. Shallow groundwater of sulfate type in the NW zone is explained by the rise of CO2-H2S vapor from a shallow magma chamber and the subsequent heating up of a shallow aquifer. Low-permeability characteristics of the geological formations of the study area support the hypothesis of a fracture and fault-dominated, subterranean-flow circulation system.

The Na- Cl-HCO3 composition of springs in the NE and SE zones indicates influence of ascending geothermal fluids, facilitated by radial fault systems of the Reforma caldera and probably the existence of a shallow magma chamber. Close to the surface, the rising geothermal fluids are mixed up with meteoric water from a shallow aquifer. HCO3-type surface water from the southern zone between San Ignacio and Mezquital is of typical meteoric origin, with no influence of geothermal fluids. Due to arid climatic conditions in the study zone, recent recharge in the geothermal area seems improbable; thus, recent interaction between the surface and the geothermal reservoir can be excluded.

Furthermore, isotopic and hydrochemical data exclude the presence of marine water from the. The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey. An overly large Rayleigh-like feature for exoplanet TrES -3b. Our analysis is based on a Bayesian approach where the light curves covering a set of given passbands are fitted jointly with PHOENIX-calculated stellar limb darkening profiles. The analysis is carried out assuming both white and red noise that is temporally correlated, with two approaches Gaussian processes and divide-by-white to account for the red noise.

An initial analysis reveals a transmission spectrum that shows a strong Rayleigh-like increase in extinction towards the blue end of the spectrum, and enhanced extinction around the K I resonance doublet near nm. However, the signal amplitudes are significantly larger than expected from theoretical considerations.

A detailed analysis reveals that the K I-like feature is entirely due to variability in the telluric O2 absorption, but the Rayleigh-like feature remains unexplained. The light curves are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http: Dividetur Mens in Partes Tres? Takes issue with Leslie Hart's concept of the triune brain.

Argues that there is no evidence showing the three brains are at war with each other for control or that the threatening classroom inhibits the New Mammalian brain. Describes the French government's plan for a new national library which would be a state-of-the-art showcase and the nation's largest postwar cultural project. The discussion covers plans for the proposed building, the nature of the new library, and the renovation and future role of the existing national library. Comparison of histopathology and real-time polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in fistula-in- ano.

Histopathology is commonly used to diagnose tuberculosis in fistula-in- ano. The aim was to compare the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction and histopathology in detecting tuberculosis in fistula-in- ano. The histopathology and polymerase chain-reaction of tissue fistula tract was done in all the consecutive operated cases. The mean age was Histopathology and polymerase chain reaction of tissue fistula tract was done in and patients, respectively.

Polymerase chain reaction pus could be done in 30 patients. Both polymerase chain reaction of tissue and pus were positive in one patient. Histopathology might be missing out tuberculosis in many patients leading to recurrence of the fistula. Aerosol optical properties affect planetary radiative balance and depend on chemical composition, size distribution, and morphology.

During the campaign, the laboratory was moved to different sites, capturing spatial and temporal variability. Additionally, we collected ambient aerosols on Nuclepore filters for scanning electron microscopy SEM analysis. SEM images of selected filters were taken to study particle morphology. Between March 7th and 19th air was sampled at the top of Pico Tres Padres, a mountain on the north side of Mexico City.

Aerosol absorption and scattering followed diurnal patterns related to boundary layer height and solar insulation. We report an analysis of aerosol absorption, scattering, and morphology for three days 9th, 11th and 12th of March The single scattering albedo SSA, ratio of scattering to total extinction showed a drop in the tens-of-minutes-to-hour time frame after the boundary layer grew above the sampling site.

Later in the day the SSA rose steadily reaching a maximum in the afternoon. The SEM images showed a variety of aerosol shapes including fractal-like aggregates, spherical particles, and other shapes. The absorption correlated with the CO2 signal and qualitatively with the fraction of fractal-like particles to the total particle count.

In the afternoon the SSA qualitatively correlated with a relative increase in spherical particles and total particle count. These observed changes in optical properties and morphology can be explained by the dominant contribution of freshly emitted particles in the morning and by secondary particle formation in the afternoon.

In vivo quality assurance of volumetric modulated arc therapy for ano -rectal cancer with thermoluminescent dosimetry and image-guidance. To assess in vivo dose distribution using cone-beam computed tomography scans CBCTs and thermoluminescent dosimeters TLDs in patients with anal or rectal cancer treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy VMAT. Intracavitary IC in vivo dosimetry IVD was performed in 11 patients using adapted endorectal probes containing TLDs, with extra measurements at the perianal skin PS for anal margin tumors. A total of 55 IC and 6 PS measurements were analyzed.

IC TLD median planned and measured doses were 1. We detect the secondary eclipse of TrES -3b with a depth of 0. However, our H-band upper limit is so constraining that it suggests the possibility of a temperature inversion at depth, or an absorbing molecule, such as methane, that further depresses the emitted flux at this wavelength.

The combination of our near-infrared measurements and those obtained with Spitzer suggests that TrES -3b displays a near-isothermal dayside atmospheric temperature structure, whose spectrum is well approximated by a blackbody. We emphasize that our strict H-band limit is in stark disagreement with the best-fit atmospheric model that results from longer wavelength observations only, thus highlighting the importance of near-infrared observations at multiple wavelengths, in addition to those returned by Spitzer in the mid-infrared, to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the energy budgets of transiting exoplanets.

The Tres Marias reservoir and its supply basin. The land use and types of vegetation in the region of the upper Sao Francisco River, Brazil, are identified. This region comprises the supply basin of the Tres Marias reservoir. Imagery from channels 5 and 7 of the LANDSAT multispectral band scanner during wet and rainy seasons and ground truth data were employed to characterize and map the vegetation, land use, and sedimentary discharges from the reservoir. Agricultural and reforested lands, meadows, and forests are identified.

Changes in land use due to human activity are demonstrated. A comparative study of guggulu chitrak kshar — sutra and snuhi apamarg kshar — sutra in the management of fistula in ano. Fistula in ano is a condition which has been recognized as difficult surgical diseases in all the ancient and modern medical sciences of the world. In Ayurvedic texts fistulainano is described as Bhagandar. This disease is recurrent in nature which makes it more difficult for treatment. So it produces inconvenience in routine life.

KsharSutra has been proved as a big revolution in the treatment of fistulainano. It is the need to do further researches to get more efficient Kshar Sutra. The present study was clinical, randomised, single blind trial. In the present research work Guggulu Chitraka KsharSutra has been taken for comparative study wth snuhi apamarga ksharsutra. Total patients were divided into two equal groups. In the study the effect of Guggulu Chitraka KsharSutra was found better in pain, itching, pus discharge, tenderness and burning sensation and the rate of Unit Cutting Time was slightly higher as Snuhi Apamarga KsharSutra.

With guggulu chitrak ksharsutra post ligation complications like hypertrophied scar etc are not seen and this is easily available and cost effective. Physicians' views on digital ano -rectal examination for anal cancer screening of HIV positive men who have sex with men. Anal cancer is relatively common amongst HIV positive men who have sex with men MSM , but little is known about the anal cancer screening practices of HIV physicians, and whether digital ano -rectal examination DARE is utilized for this.

To determine the practice of anal cancer screening among HIV physicians, and to identify any barriers for implementing DARE as a method for anal cancer screening. Physicians were asked about their confidence in using DARE for anal cancer screening, and whether they perceived barriers to implementing this in their clinic.

To the best of our knowledge, these quantities have not been previously reported and they can serve as reference values in the determination of various electronic and response properties for example intermolecular forces, optical properties, etc. Cytological screening for anal cancer precursors is not always possible. We analyzed baseline data from patient questionnaires regarding general, anal and sexual health, adverse effects from the anal examination, cancer worry, and quality of life.

Quality of life was unaffected with utility scores of 0. Functional characterization of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses among human papillomavirus infected patients with ano -genital warts. Ano -genital warts are considered one of the commonest and highly infectious sexually transmitted infections. These warts are primarily caused by the human papillomavirus HPV of the family Papillomaviridae , genus alpha - papillomavirus , species 10 and types 6 and However the high recurrence rate of warts is a matter of serious concern to the patients and a challenge for the treating physician.

The conventional treatment options are targeted only to the local site of warts. There is no systemic treatment modality as there is limited understanding of the disease immune-pathogenesis. The role of cell-mediated immunity in combating HPV infection is not clearly defined. Moreover, decrease in CD8 T cell function correlated with poor wart clearance. Our findings open future avenues for exploring potential immunomodulation strategies as an adjunct to standard treatment for better management of these patients and prevention of recurrence.

Compounds I-III are isostructural and crystallize in the trigonal crystal system. Peculiarities of intermolecular interactions in the structures of [Mg H2O 6][UO2 L 3]2 complexes depending on the carboxylate ion L acetate, propionate, or n-butyrate are investigated using the method of molecular Voronoi-Dirichlet polyhedra. Cinco de ellos fueron reoperados. A secondary eclipse of this depth in Ks requires very efficient day-to-nightside redistribution of heat and nearly isotropic reradiation, a conclusion that is in agreement with longer wavelength, mid-infrared Spitzer observations.

In the first experiment the study area is analyzed using the original and preprocessed SIR-A image data. The following thematic classes are obtained: The same five classes mentioned above are obtained. However, because the central wavelengths of DIBs do not correspond with electronic transitions of known atomic or molecular species, the specific physical nature of their carriers remains inconclusive despite decades of observational, theoretical, and experimental research.

It is well established that DIB carriers must be located in the interstellar medium, but the recent discovery of time-varying DIBs in the spectra of the extragalactic supernova SN ap suggests that some may be created in massive star environments. Whipple Observatory on Mt. Our detections have signal-to-noise ratios of around the features of interest, and are thus considered significant but requiring further investigation. The Shadow of a Gnomon Along a Year: Remotely sensed multispectral thermal infrared ?? These studies utilize the shift to longer wavelengths in the main spectral feature in minerals in this wavelength region reststrahlen band as the mineralogy changes from felsic to mafic.

An approach is described for determining the amount of this shift and then using the shift with a reference curve, derived from laboratory data, to remotely determine the weight percent SiO2 of the surface. The approach has broad applicability to many study areas and can also be fine-tuned to give greater accuracy in a particular study area if field samples are available. Results indicate the general approach slightly overestimates the weight percent SiO2 of low silica rocks e. Fine tuning the general approach with measurements from field samples provided good results for both areas with errors in the recovered weight percent SiO2 of a few percent.

The map units identified by these techniques and traditional mapping at the Hiller Mountains demonstrate the continuity of the crystalline rocks from the Hiller Mountains southward to the White Hills supporting the idea that these ranges represent an essentially continuous footwall block below a regional detachment.

Results from the Baja California data verify the most recent volcanism to be basaltic-andesite. We relate in this article a didactic experience studying the moon phases with a group of middle school students of a private school of the municipality of Passo Fundo, RS. Based on David Ausubel's Meaningful Learning Theory, we have sought to develop a proposal following a didactic model which simulates the phases of the Moon, as based on the previous conceptions of the students.

The signs of learning were evidenced by means of memory registries of the activity. From the obtained results we believe that the proposal achieved its goals, since the students were able to identify, differentiate and transfer the phenomenon of the moon phases to new contexts. Thus, it is concluded that a methodology focused on a meaningful content for the students is fundamental to the construction and genuine grasping of what is being learned. This paper reports Primary School teachers' discourses analysis about their difficulties related to the teaching of Astronomy.

It reports partial data of a master's level research carried out in the last two years, named "An exploratory study for inserting Astronomy in primary school teachers' education" LANGHI, The paper aims to characterize teachers' difficulties, in order to provide subsides to the implementation of an initial or continuing education program.

This study is justified by the fact that courses plans like these only will be adapted to the teacher's and students' reality, if there is a primary investigation about what the teachers really need to know about Astronomy. This fact was possible here by the enunciations interpretation of a teachers' sample using semi-structured interviews, according to discourse analysis procedures. The research outcomes show difficulties related to factors like: Learning about the Sky from the Environment: Regional and national guideline recommendations for digital ano -rectal examination as a means for anal cancer screening in HIV positive men who have sex with men: Although anal cancer is common in HIV positive men who have sex with men, few centres offer systematic screening.

Regular digital ano -rectal examination DARE is a type of screening that has been recommended by some experts. How widely this forms part of HIV management guidelines is unclear. The protocol was registered prospectively CRD; http: We systematically reviewed regional and national HIV guidelines and searched for guidelines from http: Guidelines were examined in detail if they were clinical guidelines, including both prevention and treatment protocols and were in English. Guidelines were excluded if they were restricted to limited areas e. Information was extracted regarding recommendation of DARE as a screening method, the frequency of DARE recommended, target population for screening and the strength of evidence supporting this.

Only 2 recommended DARE. None of these guidelines specify the age of commencing screening. In each case, the highest level of evidence supporting these two recommendations was expert opinion. Studies of the efficacy, acceptability and cost-effectiveness of DARE are needed to assess its role in anal cancer screening. The geometric and electronic structures of the aqua, chloro, acetato, hydroxo and carbonato complexes of U, Np and Pu in both their VI and V oxidation states, and in an aqueous environment, have been studied using density functional theory methods. We have obtained micro-solvated structures derived from molecular dynamics simulations and included the bulk solvent using a continuum model.

We find that two different hydrogen bonding patterns involving the axial actinyl oxygen atoms are sometimes possible, and may give rise to different An-O bond lengths and vibrational frequencies. These alternative structures are reflected in the experimental An-O bond lengths of the aqua and carbonato complexes. The variation of the redox potential of the uranyl complexes with the different ligands has been studied using both BP86 and B3LYP functionals.

The relative values for the four uranium complexes having anionic ligands are in surprisingly good agreement with experiment, although the absolute values are in error by approximately 1 eV. The absolute error for the aqua species is much less, leading to an incorrect order of the redox potentials of the aqua and chloro species. Where are the Black Walnut Tres in Iowa?

The third measurement of Iowa? The inventory found that black walnut trees are common in the forests of Iowa. Two out of every hundred trees in the State are black walnuts. To accomplish the inventory, more than 12, Los factores predictivos de resultados en este contexto siguen siendo indeterminados. A sixteen line poem in Spanish provides the text of this short booklet on the three meals of the day. Designed for use as supplementary reading materials for the elementary grade Spanish speaking child, the booklet was developed by students in the Bilingual Teacher Aide Program at Mesa Community College.

Content and language have been controlled…. Open Source Drug Discovery: The development of new antimalarial compounds remains a pivotal part of the strategy for malaria elimination. Recent large-scale phenotypic screens have provided a wealth of potential starting points for hit-to-lead campaigns. One such public set is explored, employing an open source research mechanism in which all data and ideas were shared in real time, anyone was able to participate, and patents were not sought.

One chemical subseries was found to exhibit oral activity but contained a labile ester that could not be replaced without loss of activity, and the original hit exhibited remarkable sensitivity to minor structural change. A second subseries displayed high potency, including activity within gametocyte and liver stage assays, but at the cost of low solubility. As an open source research project, unexplored avenues are clearly identified and may be explored further by the community; new findings may be cumulatively added to the present work.

The arrival of a newborn requires a great deal of adjustment. Intended for new and expectant parents, this booklet and companion video provide practical advice and hands-on demonstrations of the essentials of mother and baby care, from birth to the first visit to the pediatrician. The first part of the booklet, which comes in both English- and…. The Diffuse Interstellar Bands DIBs are hundreds of spectral lines observed in sightlines towards many stars in the optical and near-infrared.

In earlier observations of the visible spectrum of the extragalactic supernova SN ap, we observed changes in the equivalent widths of DIBs on the timescale of its light curve, which indicated that some DIB carriers might exist closer to massive stars then previously believed. Motivated by these findings, we undertook a pathfinder survey of 17 massive stars with the Tillinghast Reflector Echelle Spectrograph at Fred L. Whipple Observatory in search of temporal variability in DIBs. Although the SNR of this spectrum was only , our preliminary results suggest that the variations in molecular spectra over time might arise from changes in carrier temperature.

These early results demonstrate the need for higher SNR spectra taken at multiple epochs to further explore potential temporal variability. If successful, time-variation could provide additional evidence to assist in identifying DIB carriers. Stresses the need for Latin instruction in the school curriculum today.

The history of Latin instruction in the U. Human Consequences of Agile Aircraft Facteurs humains lies au pilotage des avions de combat tres manoeuvrants. The pilots had mixed opinions on tactile and auditory displays. Jan Ursinus was a continuator of the medieval Latin tradition of the glossed medical literature, which in his works was limited to anatomy only. Polish glosses can be considered equivalents to Latin and Greek names and only sometimes we can meet some wider and especially precious polish commentaries.

Numerous quotations from works of other authors prove that Ursinus knew a lot of antique and contemporary authors. He described functions of several organs and was acquainted with fundamentals of medicine. Ursinus demonstrated to be good creator of the Polish anatomic terms and his work has been appreciated both in his times and nowadays. Tres mitos de la fonetica espanola Three Myths of Spanish Phonetics. Contrasts current pronunciation of some Spanish consonants with the teachings and theory of pronunciation manuals, advocating more realistic standards of instruction.

Gives a detailed phonetic description of common variants of the sounds discussed, covering both Spanish and Latin American dialects. Ozone production, nitrogen oxides, and radical budgets in Mexico City: Observations at a mountain-top site within the Mexico City basin are used to characterize ozone production and destruction, the nitrogen oxide budget, and the radical budget during the MILAGRO campaign.

Approximately half of the ozone destruction was due to the oxidation of NO2. The ozone production efficiency of NOx on 11 and 12 March was approximately 7 on a time scale of one day. A new metric for ozone production efficiency that relates the dilution-adjusted ozone mixing ratio to cumulative OH exposure is proposed. Improving mating performance of mass-reared sterile Mediterranean fruit flies Diptera: Tephritidae through changes in adult holding conditions: Los huevos colectados de cada tratamiento fueron criados independientemente siguiendo los procedimientos estandares y los adultos fueron mantenidos en las mismas condiciones experimentales.

Esto se repitio por 10 a 13 generaciones un ano. El experimento se repitio en tres ocasiones en anos consecutivos, iniciando cada repeticion con una nueva colecta de moscas silvestres. Se construyeron tablas de vida de cada tratamiento en las generaciones parental, 3 a, 6 a y 9 a.

Se estimaron los parametros estandares de calidad pupacion a las 24 h, peso de pupa, emergencia de adultos y habilidad de vuelo para cada tratamiento, cada tercera generacion en el tercer ano. En la ultima generacion de cada ano , se evaluo la competitividad sexual en pruebas en jaulas de campo con moscas silvestres.

Conforme avanzo la colonizacion, se encontro que la esperanza de vida y las tasas de fecundidad se incrementaron en los tres sistemas de cria. No hubo diferencia significativa en los parametros estandar de control de calidad entre los tres sistemas. Los machos silvestres siempre lograron mas apareamientos que los machos procedentes de cada sistema de cria masiva. La competitividad de los machos del sistema IS fue significativamente mayor que la de los machos del sistema MS.

Nuestros resultados indican que estas ligeras modificaciones en las condiciones de la colonia de adultos reducen los efectos adversos de la cria masiva sobre el desempeno de apareamiento de los machos esteriles. Astronomy has influenced and fascinated humanity throughout history, such aspects have aided development in different areas of knowledge.

However, even having this great influence, its insertion in Brazilian schools is still timid. This paper reports a possibility of working with the theme in basic education. One of the objectives is to understand and analyze the contributions of work with Astronomy in the early years from the perspective of scientific literacy. The methodology employed in the study was qualitative. The teacher in his classroom process acted in a way to mediate the issues that were the starting point of this work.

Based on this premise, the teacher offered the possibility for students to formulate hypotheses and to socialize their findings through research. In this perspective, the teacher mediates the conflicts arising from the doubts and questions of the students so that they can research and collect information to learn the concepts.

When the student has the opportunity to present his doubts and to define what the subject wants to research, he becomes the protagonist of his learning, understanding that scientific knowledge is not finite but has a spiral movement where the doubts will lead to new research and discoveries. The final product of this work was a book with the record of the researches done by the students being that it made possible an evaluation of the students' understanding of the basic concepts of Astronomy.

Using algae to bio-remedy heavy metals-contaminated waters has become an available and practical approach for environmental restoration. Because of its special cell wall structure, high capacity of heavy metal-enrichment, and easy to desorption, algae has been considered as an ideal biological adsorbent. This paper briefly introduced the structural and metabolic characteristics adapted for heavy metals enrichment of algae, including functional groups on cell wall, extracellular products, and intracellular heavy metals-chelating proteins, discussed the enrichment capability of living, dead and immobilized algae as well as the simple and convenient ways for desorption, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of using algae for bioremediation of polluted water, and its application prospects.

Ano Nuevo to Santa Cruz, California: The introductory home page starts a series of links to a regional map, more detailed area maps, and finally the individual photographic images. For use with junior and senior high school students, this book presents more than drawings and pictures, with an introduction and brief texts in English and Spanish, depicting years of Chicano history. Boletin de Informacion Educativa, Ano 1, No. The bulletin reports on educational developments in the province and abroad, educational problems, statistics, legislation, documentation and information techniques, and information from international organizations.

Boletin de Informacion Educativa, Ano 3, No. This information bulletin is published by the Documentation and Educational information Center in the Argentine province of Santa Fe. Ano -rectal complaints in general practitioner visits: The perception patients consulting for primary care have of anorectal disorders has never been evaluated. Our aim was to analyze proctological complaints among outpatients consulting general practitioners.

Among physicians who responded to a nationwide mailing in France, enrolled females and males consulting between October and December Three-dimensional high-resolution anorectal manometry 3DHRAM , used for exploring anorectal disorders, was recently developed, providing interesting topographic data for the diagnosis of pelvic floor disorders such as excessive perineal descent.

The aim of our study was to define a diagnostic strategy based on selected 3DHRAM parameters to identify rectal intussusceptions RI , considering conventional defecography CD as the gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated for various 3DHRAM criterion in order to propose a diagnostic strategy for RI. Analisis de las Condiciones de Salud del Nino de anos en Honduras. Reports that health conditions of young children birth to six years in Honduras are appalling and that available funds for health services are inadequate, reflecting the country's economic and social crisis.

Radiosurgical fistulotomy; an alternative to conventional procedure in fistula in ano. Most surgeons continue to prefer the classic lay open technique [fistulotomy] as the gold standard of treatment in anal fistula. In this randomized study, a comparison is made between conventional fistulotomy and fistulotomy performed by a radio frequency device. One hundred patients of low anal fistula posted for fistulotomy were randomized prospectively to either a conventional or radio frequency technique.

Parameters measured included time taken for the procedure, amount of blood loss, postoperative pain, return to work, and recurrence rate. The patient demographic was comparable in 2 groups. The postoperative pain in the first 24 hours was more in conventional group [2 to 5 versus 0 to 3 on visual analogue scale]. Fistulotomy procedure using a radio frequency technique has significant advantages over a conventional procedure with regard to operation time, blood loss, return to normal activity, and healing time of the wound.

Endovenous and locoregional anesthesiological approaches were compared to determine the influence on stress response. Heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation remained stable and normal, without statistical differences between the two groups, during the study period. Similar cortisol and glucose levels showed no statistical differences between groups. Boletin de Informacion Educativa, Ano 2, No. The aim of this analysis was to obtain information regarding the mtDNA haplotype composition of the manatee T. A fragment of bp of the non-coding region was analyzed for 12 individual manatees from Cuba and one from Florida, USA.

Only two haplotypes were identified. Haplotype A1, found exclusively in Florida including in the sample analyzed here but also found in Mexico, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, was the most frequent haplotype 11 of the 12 samples from Cuba and widely distributed. The second haplotype A3, previously referred to as endemic from Belize, was identified from an individual stranded in Isabela de Sagua, north of Cuba.

These preliminary results provide information about three major aspects of manatee biology: We show results of 'seeing' measurements, extinction coeficients, monitoring of Eta Carinae, meteorogical conditions and logistic support. Seeing measurements show average values of 4.

We have found photometrical variations of Eta Car with a particular behaviour near June 5. Balance de carbono en un bosque novedoso de Castilla elastica: During June 17 and 18, , a Castilla elastica forest located in El Tallonal, municipality of Arecibo, functioned as a carbon sink. The net photosynthetic rate ranged from Forty students, at ages between 14 and 18 years old, from three schools in Bauru city, were questioned about their alternative conceptions concerning the phenomenon of formation of the Moon Phases. It was observed that some of the pupils confound the phenomenon of the formation of the Moon Phases with the phenomenon of the formation of the lunar eclipses, others are unaware of the reason of the phenomenon, they present incoherent alternative conceptions of the reality or incomplete conceptions.

The results found here are aimed at the teachers of Elementary Education and can be used as a subsidy for future development of new pedagogical methods. Study of the dispersion of suspended sediments in surface waters using orbital images. From the simple correlation analysis and graphic representation, it is shown that grey tone levels are inversely proportional to Secchi Depth values. It is further shown that the most favorable period to conduct an analysis of this type is during the rainy season. Los generadores de calentamiento por induccion son puentes inversores con carga resonante, cuya mision es basicamente crear una corriente sinusoidal de gran amplitud sobre la "bobina de caldeo", que forma parte del tanque resonante.

En el interior de esta bobina se introduce la pieza que se desea calentar. EI campo magnetico creado induce corrientes superficiales corrientes de Foucault sobre la pieza, que producen su calentamiento. Los tanques resonantes tambien llamados osciladores utilizados en la actualidad son el resonante serie y el resonante paralelo. Aunque ya desde hace algun tiempo se vienen construyendo generadores de alta potencia basados en estos dos osciladores, el exito nunca ha.

Tal y como se explica en la introduccion de esta memoria, los puentes inversores utilizados deben operar sobre una carga inductiva corriente retrasada para evitar el fenomeno de la recuperacion inversa de sus diodos y la consiguiente ruptura de los transistores. De la restriccion topologica anterior se deduce que el generador paralelo debe conmutar a frecuencias inferiores a la resonancia, y el serie a frecuencias superiores.

A esta restriccion topologica hay que unir otra que es exclusiva del calentamiento por induccion: La corriente por la bobina de caldeo debe ser sinusoidal. De no ser asi, resultaria imposible disponer toda la potencia de calentamiento sobre la pieza en el espesor requerido por la aplicacion. La conjuncion de las dos restricciones anteriores obligan al inversor paralelo a funcionar a la frecuencia de resonancia del oscilador. Esto imposibilita un control por variacion de frecuencia, regulandose la potencia desde la seccion de entrada mediante un mayor o menor aporte de corriente al puente. Como consecuencia, la seccion de entrada del paralelo, ya de por si mas voluminosa que lao del serie por el uso de grandes componentes magneticos bobinas de filtro o de "alisamiento" , result a tambien mas complicada y costosa debido a la necesidad de ser implementada mediante rectificador controlado.

Ademas, la regulacion que ofrece el rectificador es pobre, dada su baja frecuencia de conmutacion. En cambio, el circuito serie puede funcionar por encima de la resonancia manteniendo una secuencia de conmutacion sin riesgos de recuperacion inversa y con una corriente de salida practicamente sinusoidal, lo que permite un control de la potencia por variacion de frecuencia. Puesto que la tarea de regulacion se realiza desde el puente inversor, la regulacion resulta mucho mas eficaz y la seccion de entrada se puede implementar mediante un simple rectificador no controlado y un condensador de filtro.

Abstract shortened by UMI. VizieR Online Data Catalog: Interests, in Genetic Algorithms G. This paper consists initially to apply G. Next, we compare the performances with classical methods like Maximum Likelihood and classical electrotechnical methods. These methods are applied on three induction motors of different powers to compare results following a set of criteria. National Historic Preservation Act In accordance with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's implementing regulations for section of the National Historic Preservation Act, we are using this notice to initiate consultation with the [[Page The Example of GSC Ground-based wide-field surveys for nearby transiting gas giants are yielding far fewer true planets than astrophysical false positives, some of which are difficult to reject.

Recent experience has highlighted the need for careful analysis to eliminate astronomical systems in which light from a faint eclipsing binary is blended with that from a bright star. During the course of the Transatlantic Exoplanet Survey, we identified a system presenting a transit-like periodic signal. We obtained the proper motion and infrared color of this target GSC from publicly available catalogs, which suggested this star is an F dwarf, supporting our transit hypothesis. This spectral classification was confirmed using spectroscopic observations from which we determined the stellar radial velocity.

The star did not exhibit any signs of a stellar mass companion. However, subsequent multicolor photometry displayed a color-dependent transit depth, indicating that a blend was the likely source of the eclipse. We successfully modeled our initial photometric observations of GSC as the light from a K dwarf binary system superimposed on the light from a late F dwarf star.

High-dispersion spectroscopy confirmed the presence of light from a cool stellar photosphere in the spectrum of this system. With this candidate, we demonstrate both the difficulty in identifying certain types of false positives in a list of candidate transiting planets and our procedure for rejecting these imposters, which may be useful to other groups performing wide-field transit surveys.

Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.

Bureau of Land Management Buen Comienzo, Buen Futuro: Distributed by the U. Departments of Agriculture, Education, and Health and Human Services, this Spanish-language pamphlet provides parents with information and advice about their infants in the third month of life. The pamphlet provides information on communicating with the infant through body language, preparing for the 4-month checkup,….

Ensayos de Plantacion Estadisticamente Validos. En la America Latina se plantan cada ano mas de cien millones de abolitos y por lo menos deberian plantar diez veces esta cantidad. El control y desarrollo racional de un programa de tal magnitud requieren que se establezcan y se interpreten sayos de plantacion cuidadosamente planeados.

Dichos ensayos cuidadosamente planeados rediran resultados estadistacamente validos Como ayudar a su hijo durante los primeros anos de la adolescencia: Para los padres con ninos entre las edades de 10 a 14 anos Helping Your Child through Early Adolescence: For Parents of Children from 10 through Recognizing that parents and families can greatly influence the development of their through year-olds, this Spanish-language booklet is part of a national effort to provide parents with the latest research and practical information to help them support their children both at home and in school.

The booklet is organized in 13 sections…. The apparent motion of the Sun on the celestial sphere and the behavior of the shadows of objects over time are observable phenomena in everyday life. However, students often do not have a proper understanding of such occurrences, and can even display misconceptions about them. Therefore, we performed a research in order to know students' notions about these subjects and to evaluate the contribution to their understanding brought about by an activity performed with an interactive sundial in an informal learning environment.

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