Inheritance

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The Object class, defined in the java. In the Java platform, many classes derive directly from Object , other classes derive from some of those classes, and so on, forming a hierarchy of classes.

An Example of Inheritance

At the top of the hierarchy, Object is the most general of all classes. Classes near the bottom of the hierarchy provide more specialized behavior. Here is the sample code for a possible implementation of a Bicycle class that was presented in the Classes and Objects lesson:. A class declaration for a MountainBike class that is a subclass of Bicycle might look like this:. MountainBike inherits all the fields and methods of Bicycle and adds the field seatHeight and a method to set it.

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Except for the constructor, it is as if you had written a new MountainBike class entirely from scratch, with four fields and five methods. However, you didn't have to do all the work. This would be especially valuable if the methods in the Bicycle class were complex and had taken substantial time to debug. A subclass inherits all of the public and protected members of its parent, no matter what package the subclass is in. If the subclass is in the same package as its parent, it also inherits the package-private members of the parent. You can use the inherited members as is, replace them, hide them, or supplement them with new members:.

A subclass does not inherit the private members of its parent class. However, if the superclass has public or protected methods for accessing its private fields, these can also be used by the subclass. Therefore, a public or protected nested class inherited by a subclass has indirect access to all of the private members of the superclass. We have seen that an object is of the data type of the class from which it was instantiated.

For example, if we write.

MountainBike is descended from Bicycle and Object. Therefore, a MountainBike is a Bicycle and is also an Object , and it can be used wherever Bicycle or Object objects are called for. The reverse is not necessarily true: Similarly, an Object may be a Bicycle or a MountainBike , but it isn't necessarily. Casting shows the use of an object of one type in place of another type, among the objects permitted by inheritance and implementations. This development was in contrast to pre-Islamic societies where rules of inheritance varied considerably. In their will, a Muslim can only give out a maximum of one third of their property.

The Quran contains only three verses that give specific details of inheritance and shares, in addition to few other verses dealing with testamentary. Nowadays, inheritance is considered an integral part of Sharia law and its application for Muslims is mandatory, though many peoples see Historical inheritance systems , despite being Muslim, have other inheritance customs.

The distribution of the inherited wealth has varied greatly among different cultures and legal traditions. In nations using civil law , for example, the right of children to inherit wealth from parents in pre-defined ratios is enshrined in law, [9] as far back as the Code of Hammurabi ca. In cases of unequal inheritance, the majority might receive little while only a small number inherit a larger amount, with the lesser amount given to the daughter in the family.

This is especially seen in old world cultures, but continues in many families to this day.

Arguments for eliminating the disparagement of inheritance inequality include the right to property and the merit of individual allocation of capital over government wealth confiscation and redistribution, but this does not resolve what some [ who? In terms of inheritance inequality, some economists and sociologists focus on the inter generational transmission of income or wealth which is said to have a direct impact on one's mobility or immobility and class position in society. Nations differ on the political structure and policy options that govern the transfer of wealth.

Some researchers have attributed this rise to the baby boomer generation. Historically, the baby boomers were the largest influx of children conceived after WW2. For this reason, Thomas Shapiro suggests that this generation "is in the midst of benefiting from the greatest inheritance of wealth in history. Other research has shown that many inheritances, large or small, are rapidly squandered. It has been argued that inheritance plays a significant effect on social stratification.

Inheritance is an integral component of family, economic, and legal institutions, and a basic mechanism of class stratification. It also affects the distribution of wealth at the societal level. The total cumulative effect of inheritance on stratification outcomes takes three forms, according to scholars who have examined the subject. The first form of inheritance is the inheritance of cultural capital i.

Examples include during a child's milestone stages, such as going to college, getting married, getting a job, and purchasing a home. Child-rearing practices among those who inherit wealth may center around favoring some groups at the expense of others at the bottom of the social hierarchy. It is further argued that the degree to which economic status and inheritance is transmitted across generations determines one's life chances in society.

Although many have linked one's social origins and educational attainment to life chances and opportunities, education cannot serve as the most influential predictor of economic mobility.

In fact, children of well-off parents generally receive better schooling and benefit from material, cultural, and genetic inheritances. Lower amounts of human capital and inheritance can perpetuate inequality in the housing market and higher education. Research reveals that inheritance plays an important role in the accumulation of housing wealth. Those who receive an inheritance are more likely to own a home than those who do not regardless of the size of the inheritance.

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Often, racial or religious minorities and individuals from socially disadvantaged backgrounds receive less inheritance and wealth. Individuals with a substantial amount of wealth and inheritance often intermarry with others of the same social class to protect their wealth and ensure the continuous transmission of inheritance across generations; thus perpetuating a cycle of privilege. Nations with the highest income and wealth inequalities often have the highest rates of homicide and disease such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension.

When social and economic inequalities centered on inheritance are perpetuated by major social institutions such as family, education, religion, etc. As a result, this inequality is believed to become part of the overall social structure. Dynastic wealth is monetary inheritance that is passed on to generations that didn't earn it.

Much has been written about the rise and influence of dynastic wealth including the bestselling book Capital in the Twenty-First Century by the French economist Thomas Piketty. Bill Gates uses the term in his article "Why Inequality Matters". Many states have inheritance taxes or death duties , under which a portion of any estate goes to the government. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about passing on of property or other rights or obligations after a person's death.

Inheritance (object-oriented programming)

For inheritance of genes, see heredity. For other uses, see Inheritance disambiguation. For other uses, see Heir disambiguation. Archived from the original on 9 June Retrieved 28 September Retrieved 28 September — via Internet Archive. Archived from the original PDF on Bosworth et al, eds. Archived from the original on 1 March Contrasting legal conceptions of family obligation and financial reciprocity in the support of older people: France and England Archived at the Wayback Machine.

The Quarterly Journal of Economics , Vol. Inheritance in Contemporary America: The Social Dimensions of Giving across Generations. Inheritance, Wealth and Race. How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality. How rich inheritance is poisoning the American economy". Archived from the original on July 31, Retrieved August 24, Archived from the original on August 26, Institute for Policy Studies.

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