Collectivist Economics

Rise and fall of competitiveness in individualistic and collectivistic societies

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    • What is COLLECTIVISM? What does COLLECTIVISM mean? COLLECTIVISM meaning, definition & explanation

    Dictionary Entries near collectivism collective security collective unconscious collectivise collectivism collectivity collectivize collect on delivery. Statistics for collectivism Look-up Popularity.

    Collectivism

    Time Traveler for collectivism The first known use of collectivism was in See more words from the same year. English Language Learners Definition of collectivism. More from Merriam-Webster on collectivism Rhyming Dictionary: Words that rhyme with collectivism Britannica. Comments on collectivism What made you want to look up collectivism? Get Word of the Day daily email!

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    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Not to be confused with collecting or collectives. Critique and proposed refinements". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. Viewing the self, others, and conflict in a multicultural society". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Journal of Research in Personality. University of Chicago Press.

    Collectivism is a cultural value that is characterized by emphasis on cohesiveness among . The collectivism-individualism dimension of culture influences economic development: collectivistic culture theoretically promotes growth. For instance. As a political- economic theory, collectivism differs little from theoretical socialism. Modern revolutionary communism is a more extreme type of collectivism in.

    The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. Bertolt Brecht and the Politics of Secrecy". Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation".

    Collectivist Economic Planning

    A major cultural difference between Hispanics and mainstream Technical reports. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois. A theoretical and measurement refinement". Explicit use of et al. A revised Self-Construal Scale. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Some findings about Japanese college students". Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology. A cycle of mutual constitution".

    Perspectives on Psychological Science. A comparison of African Americans and European Americans". Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology.

    1. Collectivist Economic Planning | Mises Institute!
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    The souls of Black folk. From Allport to DuBois".

    Research with Hispanic populations. The psychology of Blacks: An African American perspective. Thinking clearly about psychology. University of Minnesota Press. Culture, Leadership, and Organizations. Fishermen took part in behavioral experiments in the field measuring their competitiveness and were asked about their work experience years in profession. It is hard to explain the different drifts in competitiveness between the societies by genetic endowments, but other factors could play a role, such as differential abilities to throw the ball , risk differences across societies 16 , or immigration into and emigration out of societies.

    Collectivism - Wikipedia

    To test for the effect of these additional factors, we used data from these societies on abilities, risk preferences, immigration and emigration. This additional data suggests that none of these alternative explanations is consistent with the primary data.

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    Oxford Univ Press; Countries will lean toward being either more free market based or more collectivist, but no country is purely one or the other. The well-being and stability of any society depends on whether the members of that society are able to acquire the goods and services they need or want. Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. An individual's self-concept can be fundamentally shaped by cultural values.

    Third, fishermen who did or did not immigrate into the lake society were not differently competitive Thus, immigration and emigration cannot drive the changes in competitiveness in the individualistic and collectivistic societies. Another potential driver is the differences in individualistic and collectivistic societies other than local natural forces affecting the manner in which members generate their living. To test for such other potentially unobservable differences, we conducted two additional competition experiments.

    First, we conducted the same competition experiments with women living in the individualistic and collectivistic societies who do not fish and are thus not differently affected by local natural forces. Second, we conducted group competition experiments with fishermen at the lake and sea to test whether there are differences in group competitiveness 17 , Because group—in contrast to individual—competitiveness is not crucial at the lake, we hypothesized that we should observe that group competitiveness is not more pronounced at the lake than at the sea.

    The task, choice, and parameters were identical to the individual group competition experiment. By combining a unique spatial feature affecting living patterns with experiments in the field, we are able to gain insights into the underpinnings of human competitiveness. Our results show that local work experience resulting from different technologies and socio-ecological factors can have an important impact on the shaping of competitiveness.

    We find that competitiveness changes with exposure to local forces: Our findings may also provide evidence in favor of endogenous preference formation 19 , 20 and highlight that natural pressures can have a large impact on norms of competition. Finally, our study informs the literature that has investigated the relationships between individualism, collectivism, and economic outcomes 21 — 28 and the role of the social environment for human traits 29 — A total of subjects, aged 18—87, from traditional fishing societies at a lake and at the sea gave their consent to participate in this research, which took place in the state of Bahia in Brazil.

    The experiments were conducted in several individualistic lake and collectivistic sea societies. The main difference between the lake and sea societies is whether fishermen fish alone or in collectives. Fishermen at the sea fish in collectives because the sea ecology constrains them to use fishing instruments, such as large and heavy fishnets, that can be only handled by more than one person. For fishermen at the lake, however, it is not necessary to work in collectives because the lake ecology renders it possible to use fishing instruments that can be handled by one person.

    Fishermen at the lake compete against other fishermen for the best fishing spots, selling prices, and trade relations, but such individual competition is largely absent at the sea setting. In each experimental session, participants first received an identification code.

    Then, experimenters led each participant one by one to a separate place and explained the rules of the competition game verbally in detail and in private to the participants. We ensured that the participants who waited for their turn did not talk to others. All decisions were blind to other participants; that is, we never told participants the choices of another participant and behavior ball throwing in the competition game could not be observed. Participants earned a considerable amount of money during the experiments, typically more than their daily incomes. For more detail on the experimental procedures, see the SI Text.

    If applicable, we always used two-tailed tests and regressions with robust SEs. The authors declare no conflict of interest. This article contains supporting information online at www. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online May Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

    Edited by Jose A. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Competitiveness pervades life: Open in a separate window.

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    Supplementary Material Supporting Information: Click here to view. Footnotes The authors declare no conflict of interest. The Origin of Species. Adaption and Natural Selection. Princeton Univ Press; Croson R, Gneezy U.

    Gender differences in preferences. Competitiveness across the life span: Gender differences in competition: