MADE IN ITALY identity: the keys to success of the most important Made in Italy Companies

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Keep both hands above the table during dinner -- never on your lap. Do not put your elbows on the table. Use your knife not your fingers to pick up pieces of cheese to put them on your bread or cracker. Eat fruit with a fruit knife and fork, except for grapes and cherries. When finished eating, place knife and fork tines up side by side on the plate at the 5: The fork should be on the left and the knife should be on the right with the blade of the knife facing the fork. Keep your wineglass almost full if you don't want a refill.

Burping is considered extremely vulgar. When invited to a home, guests arrive 15 to 30 minutes after the stated time. Allow hostess to begin eating before guests. Wait for hostess to offer second helping. Italians are proud of their homes and love to give tours. Feel free to ask for a tour when invited into someone's home. Dress Italy is a major center of European fashion. Even people in small towns spend a great deal of money on their wardrobes and dress well at all times.

Dress elegantly but conservatively. Jackets and ties are required in better restaurants. Old, torn, dirty clothing are seldom seen and not appreciated. Men and women dress conservatively and formally for business men: Women should wear feminine clothing. Gifts Italians are very generous gift givers.

You may be very embarrassed if you give a "cheap" or practical gift. Gifts should be beautifully wrapped. Gifts are opened in front of the giver when received. Gifts are generally not exchanged at initial business meetings, however, having a gift in your briefcase in case your Italian hosts give you one is recommended.

Gifts may be exchanged at the end of negotiations, but not necessarily. High quality liquor, gifts with company logos, desk accessories, music and books are appreciated. When invited to someone's home, always bring a small gift for the host or hostess. Send flowers or a gift to the host's home the day of or the day after a party. Give chocolates, flowers an uneven number and pastries.

Chrysanthemums are a symbol of death, red roses are symbols of love or passion. Do not wrap a gift in black with gold ribbon, which symbolizes mourning. They will tolerate lateness, inefficiency and sincere mistakes, but dislike arrogance and rudeness. Italians enjoy a lot of good humor and can be self-deprecating.

Send a thank you note after being entertained or given a gift. Rugby Bologna is not only one of the oldest Italian rugby union clubs but also the first ever club affiliated to the Italian rugby union federation. The club took part to the top tier of the Italian championship for the first 25 years of their history never winning the title but getting to the runner-up place several times; they returned in top division Serie A1 then Super 10 , in the late s and faced serious financial problems which led them to the relegation and almost to disappearance.

Bologna is twinned with:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the city in Italy. For the food, see Bologna sausage. For other uses, see Bologna disambiguation. For other uses, see Bologne disambiguation and Bolognese disambiguation. Comune in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. List of mayors of Bologna.

Buildings and structures in Bologna. This section needs additional citations for verification.

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March Learn how and when to remove this template message. List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy. Retrieved 11 May Retrieved 30 November The Challenge of Bologna. Retrieved 7 July A History of the University in Europe: Retrieved 19 April Retrieved 24 January Il Sole 24 ORE. Retrieved 5 December The Oxford classical dictionary 3rd ed. Explicit use of et al. An Economic History of Italy: From the Fall of the Empire to the Beginning of the 16th Century 1st ed. Siraisi, Taddeo Alderotti and his pupils: The university in medieval life, Italy and its invaders.

The lands of St.

Bologna during the Black Death. Crisis and change in the Venetian economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: The early modern papacy: Benedict XIV and the Enlightenment: Art, Science, and Spirituality. University of Toronto Press. Italy in the age of the Risorgimento: Crime, disorder, and the Risorgimento: An Economic History of Liberal Italy: Agrarian Elites and Italian Fascism: The Province of Bologna, Testi di Franco Il Museo Virtuale della Certosa in Italian.

Archived from the original on 7 July Retrieved 2 May Revitalizing historic urban quarters Reprinted. Modern Architectures in History 1. Retrieved 1 December Retrieved 5 March Record mensili dal " in Italian. Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 11 December Retrieved 4 November Archived from the original on 14 July Retrieved 18 October An institution of federalism" PDF.

Retrieved 23 May Nation's cities, Volume National League of Cities. Garisenda e degli Asinelli". Official tourism promotion website of Emilia-Romagna region. Retrieved 29 June Retrieved 1 June San Petronio de Bologna: The sum each of the pairs can be calculated as one cuboid of double width. Knowing the height of the central nave and the width of the building, the measures of the sections can be calculated by measuring an orthograde photo of the facade. Chamber of Commerce of Emilia-Romagna.

Retrieved 30 December Archived from the original PDF on 12 December Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved 19 June Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. A history of the university in Europe 1st pbk. Retrieved 18 January Archived from the original on 21 January Retrieved 18 April The story behind Bologna's curious nicknamess".

Archived from the original PDF on 25 March Archived from the original on 13 July Archived from the original on 9 February Retrieved 19 August The genre, originating from disco , blended "melancholy melodies" with pop and electronic music, [53] making usage of synthesizers and drum machines , which often gave it a futuristic sound. According to an article in The Guardian , in cities such as Verona and Milan , producers would work with singers, using mass-made synthesizers and drum machines, and incorporating them into a mix of experimental music with a "classic-pop sensibility" [53] which would be aimed for nightclubs.

By circa , however, the genre had merged into other forms of European dance and electronic music, one of which was Italo house. Italo house blended elements of Italo disco with traditional house music ; its sound was generally uplifting, and made strong usage of piano melodies. By the latter half of the s, a subgenre of Eurodance known as Italo dance emerged. Taking influences from Italo disco and Italo house, Italo dance generally included synthesizer riffs, a melodic sound, and the usage of vocoders. Over the years, there have been several important Italian dance music composers and producers, such as Giorgio Moroder , who won three Academy Awards for his music.

He is credited by Allmusic as "One of the principal architects of the disco sound". The main performer, usually a woman, was called a chanteuse in French; the Italian term, sciantosa , is a direct coinage from the French. The songs, themselves, were not French, but were lighthearted or slightly sentimental songs composed in Italian.

That music went out of fashion with the advent of World War I. Lavish Broadway -show numbers, big bands , rock and roll , and hip hop continue to be popular. Latin music, especially Brazilian bossa nova , is also popular, and the Puerto Rican genre of reggaeton is rapidly becoming a mainstream form of dance music.

It is now not uncommon for modern Italian pop artists such as Laura Pausini , Eros Ramazzotti , Zucchero or Andrea Bocelli to release new songs in English or Spanish in addition to, or instead of, Italian. Thus, musical revues, which are standard fare on current Italian television, can easily go, in a single evening, from a big-band number with dancers to an Elvis impersonator to a current pop singer doing a rendition of a Puccini aria.

Jazz found its way into Europe during World War I through the presence of American musicians in military bands playing syncopated music. In the immediate post-war years, jazz took off in Italy. All American post-war jazz styles, from bebop to free jazz and fusion have their equivalents in Italy.

The universality of Italian culture ensured that jazz clubs would spring up throughout the peninsula, that all radio and then television studios would have jazz-based house bands, that Italian musicians would then start nurturing a home grown kind of jazz, based on European song forms, classical composition techniques and folk music.

Currently, all Italian music conservatories have jazz departments, and there are jazz festivals each year in Italy, the best known of which is the Umbria Jazz Festival , and there are prominent publications such as the journal, Musica Jazz. Italian pop rock has produced major stars like Zucchero , and has resulted in many top hits.

The industry media, especially television, are important vehicles for such music; the television show Sabato Sera is characteristic. It is sometimes considered a separate genre, Italian progressive rock. Other progressive bands such as Perigeo , Balletto di Bronzo , Museo Rosenbach , Rovescio della Medaglia , Biglietto per l'Inferno or Alphataurus remained little known, but their albums are today considered classics by collectors. Progressive rock concerts in Italy tended to have a strong political undertone and an energetic atmosphere.

The Italian hip hop scene began in the early s with Articolo 31 from Milan , whose style was mainly influenced by East Coast rap. Other early hip hop crews were typically politically oriented, like 99 Posse , who later became more influenced by British trip hop. More recent crews include gangster rappers like Sardinia's La Fossa. Modena City Ramblers are one of the more popular bands known for their mix of Irish, Italian, punk, reggae and many other forms of music. Italy has also become a home for a number of Mediterranean fusion projects.

Mango is one of the best-known artists who fused pop with world and mediterranean sounds, albums such as Adesso , Sirtaki and Come l'acqua are examples of his style. That sum refers to the sale of CDs, music electronics, musical instruments, and ticket sales for live performances; it represents a 4. The actual sale of music albums has decreased slightly, but there has been a compensatory increase in paid-for digitally downloaded music from industry-approved sites. By way of comparison, the Italian recording industry ranks eighth in the world; Italians own 0.

Nationwide, there are three state-run and three private TV networks. All provide live music at least some of the time, thus giving work to musicians, singers, and dancers. Many large cities in Italy have local TV stations, as well, which may provide live folk or dialect music often of interest only to the immediate area.

Book and CD superstores have entered the Italian market over the last decade. The largest of these chains is Feltrinelli , originally a publishing house in the s. In , it geared up to the level of Multimedia Store and now sells massive quantities of recorded music.

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There are, as of , 14 such mega-stores in Italy, with more planned. FNAC is another large chain, originally French. It has six large outlets in Italy. These stores also serve as venues for music performance, hosting several concerts a week. Venues for music in Italy include concerts at the many music conservatories , symphony halls and opera houses.

Italy also has many well-known international music festivals each year, including the Festival of Spoleto , the Festival Puccini and the Wagner Festival in Ravello. Some festivals offer venues to younger composers in classical music by producing and staging winning entries in competitions. The winner, for example, of the "Orpheus" International Competition for New Opera and Chamber music—besides winning considerable prize money—gets to see his or her musical work performed at The Spoleto Festival. Italy is also a common destination for well-known orchestras from abroad; at almost any given time during the busiest season, at least one major orchestra from elsewhere in Europe or North America is playing a concert in Italy.

Additionally, public music may be heard at dozens of pop and rock concerts throughout the year. Open-air opera may even be heard, for example, at the ancient Roman amphitheater, the Arena of Verona. Military bands, too, are popular in Italy. Many theaters also routinely stage not just Italian translations of American musicals, but true Italian musical comedy, which are called by the English term musical.

In Italian, that term describes a kind of musical drama not native to Italy, a form that employs the American idiom of jazz-pop-and rock-based music and rhythms to move a story along in a combination of songs and dialogue. Music in religious rituals, especially Roman Catholic, manifests itself in a number of ways. Parish bands, for example, are quite common throughout Italy. They may be as small as four or five members to as many as 20 or They commonly perform at religious festivals specific to a particular town, usually in honor of the town's patron saint.

The Second Vatican Council from to revolutionized music in the Roman Catholic Church, leading to an increase in the number of amateur choirs that perform regularly for services; the Council also encouraged the congregational singing of hymns, and a vast repertoire of new hymns has been composed in the last 40 years.

There is not a great deal of native Italian Christmas music. The melody is a major-key version of an older, minor-key Neapolitan carol "Quanno Nascette Ninno". Other than that, Italians largely sing translations of carols that come from the German and English tradition " Silent Night ", for example. There is no native Italian secular Christmas music, which accounts for the popularity of Italian-language versions of " Jingle Bells " and " White Christmas ".

The Sanremo Music Festival is an important venue for popular music in Italy. It has been held annually since and is currently staged at the Teatro Ariston in Sanremo.

It runs for one week in February, and gives veteran and new performers a chance to present new songs. Winning the contest has often been a springboard to industry success. The festival is televised nationally for three hours a night, is hosted by the best-known Italian TV personalities, and has been a vehicle for such performers as Domenico Modugno , perhaps the best-known Italian pop singer of the last 50 years. Television variety shows are the widest venue for popular music.

The longest running musical broadcast in Italy is La Corrida , a three-hour weekly program of amateurs and would-be musicians. The studio audience bring cow-bells and sirens and are encouraged to show good-natured disapproval. The city with the highest number of rock concerts of national and international artists is Milan, with a number close to the other European music capitals, as Paris, London and Berlin. Many institutes of higher education teach music in Italy. About 75 music conservatories provide advanced training for future professional musicians.

There are also many private music schools and workshops for instrument building and repair. Private teaching is also quite common in Italy. Elementary and high school students can expect to have one or two weekly hours of music teaching, generally in choral singing and basic music theory, though extracurricular opportunities are rare. Italy has a specialized system of high schools; students attend, as they choose, a high school for humanities, science, foreign languages, or art—and music in the "liceo musicale", where instruments, musical theory, composing and musical history are taught as the main subject.

Italy does have ambitious, recent programs to expose children to more music. Furthermore, with the recent education reform a specific Liceo musicale e coreutico 2nd level secondary school, ages 14—15 to is explicitly indicated by the law decrees. The state-run television network has started a program to use modern satellite technology to broadcast choral music into public schools. Scholarship in the field of collecting, preserving and cataloguing all varieties of music is vast. In Italy, as elsewhere, these tasks are spread over a number of agencies and organizations.

Most large music conservatories maintain departments that oversee the research connected with their own collections. Such research is coordinated on a national and international scale via the internet. Also, the Discoteca di Stato National Archives of Recordings in Rome, founded in , holds the largest public collection of recorded music in Italy with some , examples of classical music, folk music, jazz, and rock, recorded on everything from antique wax cylinders to modern electronic media.

The scholarly study of traditional Italian music began in about , with a group of early philological ethnographers who studied the impact of music on a pan-Italian national identity. A unified Italian identity only just started to develop after the political integration of the peninsula in The focus at that time was on the lyrical and literary value of music, rather than the instrumentation; this focus remained until the early s.

Two folkloric journals helped to encourage the burgeoning field of study, the Rivista Italiana delle Tradizioni Popolari and Lares , founded in and , respectively. The earliest major musical studies were on the Sardinian launeddas in by Mario Giulio Fara ; on Sicilian music, published in and by Alberto Favara ; and studies of the music of Emilia Romagna in by Francesco Balilla Pratella. The earliest recordings of Italian traditional music came in the s, but they were rare until the establishment of the Centro Nazionale Studi di Musica Popolare at the National Academy of Santa Cecilia in Rome.

The Center sponsored numerous song collection trips across the peninsula, especially to southern and central Italy. Giorgio Nataletti was an instrumental figure in the Center, and also made numerous recordings himself. The American scholar Alan Lomax and the Italian, Diego Carpitella , made an exhaustive survey of the peninsula in By the early s, a roots revival encouraged more study, especially of northern musical cultures, which many scholars had previously assumed maintained little folk culture.

During the s, Leydi and Carpitella were appointed to the first two chairs of ethnomusicology at universities, with Carpitella at the University of Rome and Leydi at the University of Bologna. In the s, Italian scholars began focusing less on making recordings, and more on studying and synthesizing the information already collected.

Others studied Italian music in the United States and Australia, and the folk musics of recent immigrants to Italy. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Music of Italy Timeline. Music and performing arts. Flag Coat of arms. Trois quintetti concertans Three Wind Quintets No.

Arcangelo Corelli, Baroque composer and violinist.

A Bersaglieri marching song, recorded in Northern California. A tarantella, sung in Neapolitan dialect, recorded in Northern California. La canzone di Marinella. I giardini di marzo. Italo disco , Italo house , and Italo dance. Music media in Italy.

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