Les femmes, actrices de lHistoire : France, de 1789 à nos jours (Collection U) (French Edition)

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Likewise t e working class, plunged in the deepest misery, found in these philosophe s the first fruits of the cultural revolution that would later mature into ,the torment of the revolution. And the women became their most arde t partisans. Manon Philipon, the future Mme Roland, not only read c! Sophie d Grouchy, Marquise de Condorcet, had read the M. The women of the revolution learned about collective a tion in the riots and revolts.

They also learned how to "think in terms o social movements" according to Sheila Rowbothan, and to defend their sex as a disadvantaged group and no longer as an individual destiny. Abigail Smith patriot and wife of t e second President Mercy one of the fir t women to demand I In , while the Constitutional Congress was deliber ting, Abigail wrote to her husband: The 1Jst Encyclopaediasts gave lessons.

Under the leadership of Condorcet and La. Harpe, who appeared w aring the phrygian bonnet, the students soon became actors in the drama played out in the streets. Mme Roland and the Marquise de Condorcet wete among the group. In founding the Lycee, women's right to education was recognised. He took the pr1caution of limiting i p. The National Assembly decided to allow girls to go to school until 8 years of age only; after that their education would be their parents' responsibility. In all children between 5 and 12 would be raised in "homes of equality". These preoccupations, however, were actually the fruit of a handful of women intellectuals who had just discovered politics and were absorbed in what was described as "intellectual enjoyments".

The case was quite different for working class women, who were living in abject poverty. Twenty years after the revolution there were some 50, beggars in France; and in 10 years of revolution Louis Blanc counted li mi 11 ion. In Paris, out of , inhabitants there were ll6, beggars in prisons, and women beggars were imprisoned and whipped. Scurvy and dysentery soon took the place of misery and hate, killing great numbers of children.

Another plague then settled in and grew in frightening proportions: Havel estimated in that there were 70, prostitutes in Paris. Texts describing the situation more often were published anonymously. In the Pauvre Javotte Motion a grievance dossier , the young girl was unable to find an honest job and described her fall in heart-wrenching terms.

And, in one of many contradictions of the time, women were criticised for making easy money through prostitution, even leading men into marriage for lucrative purposes. Women called for the restoration of women's professions, and in a petition to the king, they promised to employ "neither the compass nor the T-square" because, they said, "we want a job, not to usurp men's authority, but to be able to earn a living. In late , a new group of women, more radical and feminist, took up the flame.

Women of popular classes now demanded a voice in current political issues, especially those concerning means of subsistence. In February they organized riots against the abusive prices of sugar, candles and coffee and invaded grocery and candle merchants' shops throughout the city.

The women of this time were far from defending any privileges - they did not have any! If they sparked uprisings, it is because the most effective force behind a revolt is a mixture of despair, shame, and hate which have been contained and repressed for too long a time. The Revolution's "feminist" movement does not seem to have brought any results, which is true in France.

It continued, however, in silence and attracted disciples in many countries of Europe. The most significant reaction came from England, in a book written by Mary Wollstonecraft. This book followed her work on the P.. The influence of Rousseau's Q. Mary ied one month after the birth of her daughter, Mary Godwin, who before her marriage to the poet Shelley, became famous for writing.

In Germany, Theodor von Hippel wrote. History then clos d the door on the feminist movement and these courageous women to whom humanity was also indebted for being the pioneers of human rights throug the awareness they incited.

Les Femmes Actrices De L Histoire France De 1789 À NOS Jours Yannick Ripa

It is not surprising that the women of the bourgeoisie and the nobility knew nothing about the straits in which the common women lived. They never kn w each other before the Revolution, nor did they speak together, and obvio1 ly emancipation did not mean the same thing for all classes. In the s ons, they spoke of education and culture - educating the elite that is. For her pa1t, Mme Roland, the "muse" of the Girondins, although admirably cour geous, was a bad politician with confused ideas in this realm.

She had no direct influence on the "feminist" movement, from which she took a consi erable distance. Thanks to Olympe de Gouges, a whole nation became aware that a woman's aspirations were common to all classes, bo geoises and common women. She was the first to call for "political rights" for women, something more than the "political voice" they shyly obtained during the Revolution.

In he took an even more radical approach in his "Sur ]'admission des femmes au droit de cite" "On the Acceptance of Women". Had Olympe heard him speak? Olympe's real name was Marie Gouze, the daughter of a humble bourgeois family of Montauban. Unhappily married, Olympe escaped to Paris, where despite her sketchy education, her bea'! JtY and brilliant wit made her the toast of Parisian society of the time.

She had a fairly tumultuous sentimental life before becoming an ardent "feminist" and putting her rich imagination to the service of dramatic literature. Despite worthy attempts, she had little success, with the possible exception of the play performed on the anniversary of the death of Mirabeau at the Italian Theatre, the "Ombre de. Influenced by the progress of the Revolution, she soon abandoned her theatrical attempts and her former life.

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The misery of the people and the members of her sex, which she knew from personal experience, gave her an extraordinary force. She astounded her contemporaries with the wealth of her ideas and the strength of her words. In all her writings and speeches, the character of women is expressed in its most vivid colours: For she was against violence, and while she rallied people to combat she never called for murder or looting. And, by God, what for? For the fatherland, not to gratify your selfish passions and to place another tyrant on the throne!

She laboured to solve the problem of famine. Through public appeal and her own courageous example she persuaded a number of women to donate their finery to the State. She was also a humanist; she gave a stirring account of the misery in the Hospice St Denis and, aware of the humiliations involved in begging, she called for public welfare funds and State workshops to be organized for the poor. Some of her ideas were actually given shape. She demanded equal rights and responsi ilities for women before the law and in all other circumstances of public d private life.

Even though many brochures were printed, both in f Olympe's demands, her declaration has been rarely print history has retained only an extract of article Article 7 No woman can be exempt; she can be accused, arrested and imprisoned in cases determined by law. Women, like men, obey this rigourous law. Article 8 The law must establish only those punishments that are strictly and evidently necessary, and one can be punished solely under a law that was established and proclaimed prior to the crime and legally applied to women.

Article 9 Any woman declared guilty is liable to the strict application of the law. Article 10 No one should be harassed for her or his op;zn;zon, even the most basic beliefs; women have the right to ascend the gallows; they must also have the right to ascend to the tribune, insofar as their de. All citizen of the female sex can thus freely say: I BJD the mother of a child who belongs to you, without any barbarian prejudice forcing her to hide the truth; except in response to abuses of this right in cases determined by law.

Article 12 The guarantee of the rights of women and citizens of the female se.

Article 13 h'amen and men contribute equally towards maintaining a public army and administrative expenses; women take part in all chores and all difficult tasks; they must thus have the sBJDe part in the distribution of posts, offices, responsibilities, dignities and industry. Many other demadds were published, with 1i ttle action taken on them; some finding their -,ay to the dustbin when the National Assembly did not even bother to reply tr their author. Olympe was not content to merely write, she also wanted Ito defend the King and offered to plead in Louis KVI's favour along with 1he feeble yearold Malesherbes.

Olympe summarized the charges ag inst the King as follows: Farewell my son, when you receive this letter I shall be no more. The author, a revolutionary named Bonneville, wanted to make marriage obligatory even for priests - and this in the name of liberty! Marriage was a social duty which the State was entitled to require of all citizens.

The religious ritual, "a barbaric vestige of centuries of obscurantism", was obviously abolished. Bonneville described his proposed civil ceremony as follows: The civil officer, with one hand on the Constitution, would tell the newlyweds: Always bear in mind the law that unites you in legal marriage by bounds that friendship alone and your interests must render indissoluble! Long live the Nation! And shall all good citizens bless our union! Mary Wollstonecraft was the first women to qualify marriage as "legal prostitution".

What is certain is that a large number of revolutionary women called for the right to divorce by crying Long live Liberty!

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It is also true that, in order to save their lives, other women divorced their exiled husbands only to re-marry them after the Terror. On 20 September a law was voted which allowed divorce not only by mutual consent, but also at the request of one spouse only, on simple claims of incompatibility. A letter of 2 Messidor, Year IV 20 June sta es, "The libertine behaviour of women in particular seems authorised and st of the requests for divorce are made by this 'flighty sex' that nevrr ceases to swear eternal fidelity!

During the Revolution it is true that divorce and marri e became a sort of industry that enabled people to capture fortunes and f strate creditors. They gave rise to genuine courtroom comedies, complete i th false witnesses and false family gatherings in which relatives who had b en "prevented from attending" were replaced, without their knowledge, by willing friends or "extras" bought for the occasion.

Marriages and divorc s occurred at such a rate that there were those who contended that there was no longer any reason to prosecute bigamists, who, it was said, had no committed a crime but simply failed to accomplish a simple formality. One Deputy stated that this formality was designed to hide polygamous acts. By the end of the Revolution women had sized up the donquests yet to be made. Women also made a much greater ontribution to the Revolution than romantic images tend to depict.

Such a 'study would thus tackle the real issues of education, health, work, religion, and wars from the women's standpoint. What may be said about the existence of. Far from being confined to a history of women per se, such a study should try to embrace the history of society in its entirety through an assessment of the status of women. For example, if the issue of universal suffrage is considered without including women, as was the case until now, the notion of universal suffrage loses its very meaning. The grounds given for refusing to give women the right to vote were the very reasons that allowed understanding of this right; they are why France was one of the last countries to grant women the right to vote, doing so after World War II and thanks to General de Gaulle, who was not particularly feminist, wheres the Popular Front, which was an advocate of feminist ideas, did not even raise this issue.

Similar situations may be found in many European countries. Health, famine, the ravages of infant mortality, delivery room conditions, hospital conditions, even emotional voids--all direct consequences of the world's many wars--would take on another light if the women of history were given the floor. Why in France, as in the "States of Belgium" , did the female crime rate seem much higher than under the ancien regime, and what were the causes?

Can we simply content ourselves with pointing to the poverty, lack of support, and solitude? We know that women were excluded from political militancy. The Revolution itself showed a clearly anti-feminist face. If Chaumette urged wives to devote themselves to their household tasks only, this is merely a reminder of the true social function attributed to women due to the absence of their husbands, who were waging the Revolution, emigrating, being executed, hiding out in another administrative area, hiding or in detention.

Women had to assume more and more of the burdens of child-rearing, caring for the elderly, running businesses, working the land, and setting out in the painful search for sustenance. If you bear in mind that 2,, marriages, 10,, births and 9,, deaths were registered in France between and , it is clear that between their child-rearing and nursing tasks women had little time to spare for revolutionary combat or political militancy.

She was accused of being a plotter, an enemy of the Republic who protected rebellious priests and organized collections for them.

Arrested as a public safety measure and transferred to the Temple, in Paris, where she was detained three months, she stated under questioning in January , "Be informed, citizens, that I have nothing to do with the Revolution. I am looking after my household and my humble interests only. In the absence of their masters, the parish pries jealously guarded the parish registers and ledgers, re over to the civil authorities. They also saved a great and monks.

In Belgium, the only events in which women religious riots, such as the one that occurred in Namur they carried the statue of the Virgin on their sho streets of the town, despite the ban on the procession. The degree of their involvement in the Vendee Wars was much greater several hundred women enlisted , e pecially among the "Whites" Royalists fleeing before the twelve infernal columns of "Blues" Republicans who had organized under the orders of Tur eau to "exterminate without reserve all individuals, regardless of age or nder, convinced of having participated in the war.

Remarkably, these "women of war" never threw off their dependence on their husbands and had to adapt to the worst situations while accomplishing their daily servitude. Anne Quatresols enlisted at the ag of 16; Magdeleine Petit-Jean was almost 49 when she went to join the Western Army after losing her 15 children. During an attack on a r doubt in which her husband was wounded she carried on the attack, burnt ineteen cartridges, shook off two adversaries and reached the objective. J , Louvain-la-Neuve University. This is a spectacle that the barbaric centuries do not offer us.

Like the surrender at La Rochelle, the surrender of Montauban, a former Protestant stronghold that Richelieu had besi. In the Protestant minority, which was banned from holding public office, and better organized than the Catholics, dominated practically the entire economy, including trade, real estate and the town's private mansions. The Catholic women used the day of Rogations, which coincided with the inventory of the suppressed churches, to settle scores with the Protestants.

They did so with a barbarity that had no precedent in the history of France, if one does not include the drowning of 3, citizens of Nantes due to the murderous insanity of Carrier. More important, it is above all the culmination of ancestral hatred between Catholics and Protestants. Most of the historians who studied the "revolutionary harpies" have curiously forgotten that women inspired the impressive social achievements of the Convention, such as the law on charity of 4 May They asked for rooms to "be used for sewing and mending linens" that would then serve the soldiers of the nation.

They created the soup kitchens, sold their jewellery for the Republic 7 September , then, ruined, organized countless fund-raising drives all over France. On 22 Brumaire they wrote to the woman president of a provincial society to tell her that they had a great many poor to help and little money, which gave them great cause for complaint. The key action of women in showing solidarity with the poor and soldiers saved a great many lives, for they created care centres, notably in Paris, that persisted until They were invariably manipulated by the priests, it was said. The speeches of the day intimated that women were feeble-witted beings with whom the priests could do as they liked.

Michelet had no hesitations about using such an assertion, and was followed by others. It was cited as a ground for denying women the right to vote. Actually, women did not want society to dictate their behaviour or impose a type of dress, for example, on them. The phenomenon of "feminine haberdashery" would be the object of heated debate, especially among men, who wanted to have them wear the "red bonnet" and blue, white and red cockade.

If they repeat the offe ce, they will be declared suspect. Unlike what we have tended to believe, the Revolution did not lead to many changes in women's fashion, other than the widespread u e of the national colours fabrics, shoes, ribbons and hats , the "Carmagn, le jacket" and the counter-revolutionary fashions launched by the aris ocrats after the Terror--"a la guillotine" or "a la victime"-- that we e all short-lived, dead-end movements. The main trend, however, was simp ici ty, starting in , and, starting in , a certain "pastoral" faslhion that borrowed elements of working-class garb.

Turning to the entertainment world, a decree of tJie Convention proclaimed the freedom of entertainment. During the revolutionary period women wrote an estimated plays inspired by events or personal positions. Many of them were played by 1ympe de Gouges or Isabelle de Charriere, to cite just a couple of examples. However, we must recognise that if all the playwrights, both men and women, were taken together, their works were seldom of very high quality. Still, examination of the women's writings shed light on the sensitivity of the authoresses and their perceptions of the events that they experienceq.

I Paris's eighteen concert halls continued to offer the1usual selection of platitudes, highlighted here and there by the works o Mozart and Haydn. The women musicians, who outnumbered their male counte arts, fostered the nascent popularity of the piano. The exceptional talent of such singers and actresses as Mademoiselle Maillard, the Opera's most talented actre s, illustrated the most flourishing period in the history of late 18thtcentury art.

The Revolution did, however, close the Royal School of Dance,in The bourgeois classes made education for girls one of their short-lived hobby horses but, backed up by Rousseau, the perfidious friend according to Rousseau, women should devote themselves to their r8les as wives and mothers , forgot this with the advent of the Empire. This may have been the only gain that they kept after the Revolution, a gain that opened the gates of literature to such individuals as Georges Sand and Marie d'Agoult. This legislative unification was a good measure.

Under the ancien regime legislation varied from one province to the next, even from one town to the next. Still under the influence of J. Rousseau, one spoke only of "natural law". All legislation, simplified to the extreme, had to be founded on this "natural law" and apply without distinction to the whole of mankind.

Adjustment followed adjustment, adjournment followed adjournment, the end of had arrived and the Nation still had not been provided with a Civil Code! There was no longer any question of eq lity in education and when the Constitution was returned to the drawers o History all hope that women's political rights would be recognised van is ed. By not only had women lost all of the ephemeral rights that they had acquired during the Revolution, but they were often ostracised f, r behaviour that, at other times, would have prompted admiration.

Dressing like a man during the Revolution was often proof of patriotism, but unde the Empire this attitude "exposed a woman to insults and could, depending on the circumstances, provide the pretext for attacking her inj tions as well as her morals" is how Count Decazes, then Minister Secreta.. In taking part in the discussions--although the tr'e father of the Napoleonic Code was Cambaceres--the First Consul state , "Will you not exact a promise of obedience fr women? We need a fo la for the mayor considered in his capacity as registrar that contains he woman ,s promise of obedie. She must know tha , in leaving the guardianship of her family, she comes under the ardianship of her husband.

They re interested only in pleasure and clothes. If we did not grow old, I ,. J,hould not want any women. Canon law, like civil law, could only take note of it, befbre regulating it.

On the other hand, the h sband' s obligation to provide his wife with "everything that she nee s" is a delicate euphemism and very ineffective protection. The Code stipulated that the husband could dispose o: A woman also had to accept that all debts contracted b her husband prior to their marriage, regardless of their origin, become j int debts, whereas the rules for settling her personal debts were much lessl advantageous. She could not go sue or defend herself at court without her husband's consent. She could not accept an inheritance, donation, or bequest, sell or mortgage a building, etc.

She could not leave France, even ior a short spell, without her husband's permission. In exchange, the legislators would protect the wife from the dangers of perfidious corresp ndents and tempters by allowing her husband to read her correspondence. A group of women gathered in the heart of the Latin Quarter and burnt the Civil Code in protest against the shining glorification of principles that had dispossessed married women of all abilities for years.

On that day, the members of the Government and diplomatic corps, out in full strength and in the presence of the President of the Republic, scientists and the legal profession, brought up the question of the major work begun under the Revolution and completed under the Consulate, namely, the Civil Code. During this meeting, likewise held under the sign of the Napoleonic Code and attended by a large, enthusiastic public, the women lawyers of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Romania, whose laws are founded in the Napoleonic Code, heaped reproaches on the writers of the Code, which relegated the married woman to the ranks of the incompetent, alongside minors, the insane and prisoners incarcerated for life.

This is the heritage left to women the other half of the French people by the Revolution: And while it is also true that codes are usually drawn from social behaviour, the European Community took the opposite approach by enshrining in the Treaty of Rome the principle of equality between men and women, with which the EC's Member States are bound to comply.

Dominique Godineau ends her remarkable book.

Let us hope that the clear-sighted Olympe de Gouges will no longer deserve women's recognition for her ideas alone. As heiresses of h. Rights, they are also heiresses of the duty to carry on her work since that day in when she wrote, "my ideas, it is said, have not been developed sufficiently. Yet the diamond that falls into the lapidar. Wife of Roland de la Platit! She was exalted, but showed exceptional courage when guillotined on 18 Brumaire, Year II of the Republic. France's most important historian, professor at the College de France. Regime of France from to At the end of the Revolution--which ended in July--the liberal bourgeoisie had the Duke of Orleans take the throne under the name of Louis-Philippe I.

As one of the most implacable enemies of the French Revolution he warned his compatriots to guard against the contagion. French philosopher, critic and historian. We are indebted to him for his.! He relied on a wealth of documents that have since disappeared. A de facto government reposing on force and coercion. It began on 10 August and ended with the fall of Robespierre 10 Thermidor who, with Danton, was one of its leading figures. It may be qualified "repressive paranoia", so great was the number of executions: French poet known for his.!!..

It numbered deputies of the at the Convention that tried to avoid the king' s death. The group was eliminated by la Montagne "the Mountain" on 31 October Name given mockingly literally: Of their number, Danton, Marat and Robespierre would be responsible for the Terror. The Balles markets formed the he rt of Paris since the reign of Philippe-Auguste.

The stalls at the corn, fish, calf, wine, leather and draperies markets were generally manned by w men, who were the first insurgents of the Revolution. Strongly syspected of having At the heart of Paris, one of the main ce tres of the Revolution. Surrounded by gardens, theatres, cafes and gaming rooms, it remained open all night. Representative assembly of the three! The Estates-General watmired in procedural debates for an entire month, then, finally, when the sittings had ended, the Third Estate refused to leave the room Mirab au's famous answer comes in here.

On 7 July , under the presidency f Lefranc de Pompignan, the Assembly took the name of Constituent. This event is the political origin of the Revolution. N" to Issue of notes "assigned" to church property, which property the Constituent Assembly had just decided to sell off, thereby triggering the most colossal devaluation compared with metal coin. Swedish officer hopelessly in love with Marie-Antoinette. He prepared the flight to Varennes and tried to save the royal family from the Temple prison.

Name given to the 20, national guards who descended on Paris from all over France to celebrate the 14th of July They played an important r8le in the 10 August insurrection. Edmond gathered a small circle of friends who met in the attic of his mansion in Auteuil, sowing the seeds of the famous Academie des Goncourt Goncourt Academy.

Its editors-Suleau, Mirabeau and Rivarol--ridiculed the partisans of the Revolution. English historian and critic, one of the first to have written a history of the French Revolution. He was the victim of a rather curious incident. Upon completing his history of the Revolution he absent-mindedly left the manuscript on his desk.

Présentation

His housekeeper, ever one for order, thought they were old papers for burning. It took Carlyle ten years to rewrite the manuscript. Born in Paris on 28 September , this chocolate-maker and vendor requested on 6 March the right for the women of Paris to form a women's national guard. They were arrested, then released on 4 Fructidor, Year II, after which they disappeared from the pages of history.

This provincial actress used her acting talents, it was said, to inflame the mob and lead it to storm the Tuileries on 10 August Together with her sisters she fought the market women of La Halle on 26 August Arrested on 31 March, released in August , she returned to the theatre in Nantes in , then walked off stage and vanished from the record. Term borrowed from English. From on it referred to societies given to political discussion. The Deputies used these clubs to prepare their debates in the Estates-General.

The most famous of he clubs of the Revolution. It boasted Deputies, provincial branches, and te: He proposed that the Jacobins Club be disbanded and commit ed suicide after Madame Roland's execution. One of the leaders of the Cordeliers Club. He was homosexual with a rab'd hatred of prostitutes. On 1 October , in the midst of the Terror he pronounced a terrible indictment against "public women" that the onvention judged excessive. He was guillotined in Paris on 13 April D finitely the most enigmatic figure of the Revolution, he remains a complete mystery to historians.

Was he the soul of the Revolution to the poin of carrying the title "the Incorruptible"? Was he the blood-thirsty mo ster depicted by Aulard? In a word, Robespierre will continue to raise number of questions for history, including that of the enigma of hiF death, for the attack by the gendar. The Constituent Ass mbly adopted the name of "Convention" on 21 September , following the precedent set by the United States of America. The Convention disappeared on 26 October He was among the Victorious at the Bastille on July A mem er of the Cordeliers Club and friend of Danton, with whom ,tle was guill, tined, Desmoulins was the epitome of a truly gifted, modern journalist understood the excesses of the Revolution too late.

His remarkable public education project never came to fruition. Arrested at Clamart and imprisoned at Bourg-la-Reine, here he poisoned himself. The Limping Devi 1 he had a club foot , as he was known, was either the greatest strategists among statesmen or the most self-centred weathervane in the history of France. Upon his death in he could be counted a member of all the regimes, all intrigues, and all compromising events. He betrayed all his friends and enemies alike, but remained ever faithful to France.

First Pres ident of the Cour des Aides and director of the Library in He pro- tected the philosophers and let the Encyclopaedia be disseminated. On 13 December he volunteered with Tronchet and de Seze to defend the king.

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It was a seventy-three-year-old old man, accompanied by his daughter and grandchildren, who was made to climb the scaffold. This obscure figure became on 13 march one of the three of the public prosecutor of the Revolutionary Tribunal, then replaced Faure as the prosecutor. In 16 months he executed MarieAntoinette, the Girondins, Barnave, the Hebertists, Danton and his friends and, finally, his boss, Robespierre. At his trial, which lasted 39 days, he claimed that he had merely been enforcing the law.

He was finally guillotined on 7 May The French regime from 26 October to 10 November All of Vendee exploded on 3 March The cause of this Catholic, counter-revolutionary, Royalist uprising was the decision to raise an army of , men that was adopted by the Convent ion on 23 February The Vendee would be put to fire and the sword until , devastated by twelve infernal columns under Turreau's coDDDand.

Calm was restored after the fall of Robespierre, when Hoche obtained the Whites' Royalists' surrender and granted them the Blues' Republicans' amnesty. Dispatched on 14 August to quell the royalist uprising in Nantes, he organized drownings by the hundred, for which he invented "pull-the-plug" boats.

His victims are estimated to number some 10, He was finally guillotined in Paris on 16 December This "missionary of the Terror", as Michelet dubbed him, apparently had the last word during his cross-examination, as he proclaimed, "Everything here is guilty, down to the President's bell. Elected to the Counci 1 of the , then appointed Second Consul, de Cambaceres played a more important r8le under Napoleon than he did during the Revolution.

He was the one who put together the Concordat. He contributed greatly to the drafting of the Civil Code. Women's notebooks of g ievances and petition 5 May Opening of the EstatesfGeneral 26 August Declaration of the Rig ts of Man and the Citizen 27 August Confirmation of Salic llaw. The women are at is brought back to 22 December Women are excluded vote. Condorcet speaks on a 14 July Night of April Abolition of feudal rights, abolition of male privilege. I 21 June Flight of the royal ft-ily. The taking of the commune 30 August September massacres Women excluded from electing representatives to the Convention universal suffrage September Women allowed as witnesses for the registry office 21 January Execution of Louis XVI.

Paris uprising; end of the Girondins 24 June Adoption of the so-called Constitution Women lose their political rights. Olympe de Gouges and Madame Roland are executed. Women's deputation to call for the release of prisoners detained without grounds. Executions of Danton and Chaumette. Arrest of Claire Lacombe. Execution of Robespierre and SaintJust. Ban on women's participation in political assemblies. End of the Convention p.

However, we have indicated whenever possible the translations that I l exist in other languages, including other editions. To facilitate I I consul tat ion we have also respected the titles of the v rious editions of I one and the same work, including the spellings of the uthors' names for I I the older editions. Jletamorphosen des literarischen 'Contre-pouvoir' im nachrevolutionaren Frankreich. Artisans and Sans-Culottes, Popu. Revolution in Frankreich l Bin Lexicon, Berlin, I!

From its origins to trans. La Revolution frantaise, ParJ. La Revolution, Paris, A. Dictionnaires historique et biographique de la Revolution, 2 Vols. Babeau, La France et Paris sous le Directoire: Semaines critiques, , t. Ribeiro, Art of Dress…, op. Plan Comment faire parler les costumes pendant le Directoire.

Composants signifiants du costume masculin. Le costume, instrument politique du pouvoir directorial. Des fonctionnaires et des citoyens en situation officielle. Jardins, promenades et bals publics gratuits. La diffusion de la mode dans le temps. Agrandir Original png, k. Deslandes, Histoire du costume en Occident d Barailon, sur le costu Agrandir Original png, 1,5M. Semaines critiques, , t Agrandir Original png, 46k.

Agrandir Original png, 69k. Agrandir Original png, 1,0M. Bonnet, Paris, Mercure de Fran

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