The Emperor — Volume 07

The Emperor - Volume 07

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More by Georg Ebers. In the Fire of the Forge — Volume A Thorny Path — Volume The Bride of the Nile — Volume The Story of My Life — Volume Rock chips for trace element analyses were handpicked to avoid phenocrysts, but several of the samples analysed e.

LOI, loss on ignition. All concentrations have been recalculated on a volatile-free basis. Before dissolution, sample powders for Sr and Pb isotope analysis were subjected to an acid leaching procedure to remove alteration products. Approximately 4—5 g of rock powder was weighed into a Teflon beaker, and 5—10 ml once-distilled 6M HCl added. The samples were placed in an ultrasonic bath for 2 h; the acid was changed every 20 min.

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Rb and Sr were separated using conventional cation exchange techniques from a separate dissolution of leached sample powder. Nd isotope analyses were carried out on unleached powders. Total procedural blanks were below , 80 and 60 pg for Sr, Nd and Pb, respectively. Isotope analyses were carried out in static multicollection mode using a Finnigan MAT mass spectrometer.

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Pb isotope analyses were carried out using a triple-spike technique to correct for instrumental mass fractionation Galer, The spiked and unspiked Pb fractions were measured separately on the mass spectrometer, and the data were then combined to obtain the fractionation-corrected Pb isotope composition of the sample Galer, Rb and Sr concentrations in ppm of leached sample powders were measured by isotope dilution.

Except where stated otherwise, Sr isotope measurements were carried out on leached sample powders, and Nd isotope measurements on unleached powders. S, shield stage; PS, post-shield stage lavas.

Pb and Sr isotope analyses were therefore carried out on leached sample powders, in an attempt to obtain meaningful Sr and Pb isotope data from samples that gained or lost Rb, Sr, U and Pb during subsolidus alteration. The leaching procedure we used is similar to that of previous studies, and has been shown to be effective at removing alteration products from altered basaltic rocks Cheng et al. Compared with the unleached rock powder, the leached residues generally have significantly lower Rb concentrations, and similar or higher Sr contents Tables 2 and 3.

These changes are probably the result of removal of clay minerals and concentration of plagioclase in the residue during leaching. However, recent studies have shown that this is often not the case Mahoney et al. We analysed unleached powders of three samples. Two of these and yielded very different initial Pb isotope compositions from those of the corresponding leached powders, whereas initial Pb isotope ratios of leached and unleached aliquots of sample were very similar Table 4. Leached and unleached samples do not differ in any systematic way Table 4.

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A plagioclase separate from sample yielded similar Pb isotope ratios to the age-corrected leached whole-rock powder Table 4. These results suggest that accurate Pb isotope data for old, altered basaltic rocks may be obtained from leached rock powders. We therefore carried out Pb isotopic measurements on leached sample powders. U, Th and Pb concentrations are all significantly lower in the leached powders than in the unleached samples Table 4. Except where indicated, all analyses were carried out on leached sample powders. Initial Pb isotope ratios were calculated using the age of each seamount given in Table 1.

Although moderate degrees of sea-floor alteration have no significant effect upon Nd isotope compositions of basalts e. Samples for isotope measurements were therefore carefully handpicked to avoid these coatings. We carried out Nd isotope analyses on three samples that had been subjected to the leaching procedure. As the leaching procedure would have removed any Fe—Mn coating present Cheng et al.

Measured Sr, Nd and Pb isotope ratios were corrected for radioactive decay since eruption using the known age of each seamount Table 1. A plagioclase separate from sample yielded measured Pb isotope ratios very similar to the initial ratios calculated for the leached whole-rock sample Table 4.

As the measured Pb isotope compositions of plagioclase should be close to the initial ratio of the whole rock, we believe that the initial Pb isotope ratios calculated for the leached rock powders are also reliable. New major and trace element data for Emperor Seamount lavas are given in Table 2. Alteration has modified the compositions of most of the samples analysed, particularly the dredged samples.

As a result, concentrations of mobile trace elements in many of the samples cannot be considered as primary. Post-eruptive growth of secondary minerals particularly calcite and clays in vesicles, together with variable replacement of glass, olivine and plagioclase by alteration products such as smectite, calcite and Fe-oxyhydroxides, will have affected the concentrations of some major elements such as Ca, K, Na and P, given the observed abundance of these secondary minerals in the most altered samples. A rough estimate of the degree of alteration of the samples based on their petrography is included in Table 1.

On an alkali—silica diagram Fig. However, Na 2 O concentrations of the Meiji lavas are similar to those of other Emperor tholeiites, and the relatively high K 2 O concentrations are probably the result of post-eruption alteration. Major element compositions of Emperor Seamount lavas. Filled symbols for tholeiitic lavas; open symbols for alkalic and transitional lavas.

The Meiji tholeiites have lower concentrations of the highly incompatible trace elements than many young tholeiitic basalts from the Hawaiian Islands with similar MgO. Concentrations of Th and Nb lie at the depleted end of the range of Hawaiian lavas Fig.

Compared with tholeiites from the Hawaiian Islands, the Detroit tholeiites have lower concentrations of the highly incompatible trace elements Figs 3 and 4b. Concentrations of the most incompatible elements such as Th are about seven times lower than in average Kilauea tholeiites for a given MgO value Fig. The trace element compositions of the Detroit tholeiites are unlike those of most other intra-plate tholeiites, except the highly depleted lavas from the Galapagos Islands White et al.

On a total alkali—silica diagram Fig. The Site lavas have higher concentrations of incompatible elements, and higher ratios of more- to less-incompatible elements compared with the tholeiites from Site Fig.

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Concentrations of all elements more incompatible than Zr are lower than in young tholeiitic lavas from Kilauea Fig. Incompatible trace element compositions of the Site lavas are similar to those of the Meiji tholeiites. However, compared with the latter, the Detroit lavas have lower SiO 2 for a given MgO, and in this respect are similar to young alkalic lavas from the Hawaiian Islands. One tholeiitic lava from Suiko Seamount sample has a picritic composition and contains cumulate olivine.

Sample A55D-e, from Daikakuji, is a basaltic andesite. Other samples from these seamounts include basalts of intermediate composition, hawaiites and a mugearite, all of which have similar major element compositions to lavas erupted during the post-shield volcanic stage on the Hawaiian Islands.

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Immobile trace element abundances of both tholeiitic and alkalic lavas from these seven seamounts are similar to those of equivalent rock types from the Hawaiian Islands Figs 3 and 4 , Table 2. Sr and Nd isotopic data are given in Table 3 , and Pb isotopic data in Table 4.

The Meiji tholeiites plot at the depleted end of the field for tholeiitic lavas from the Hawaiian Islands in Fig. Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of the single Meiji sample analysed by Keller et al. Age-corrected Pb isotope compositions lie at the unradiogenic end of the array defined by young lavas from the Hawaiian Islands in Fig. The Meiji sample analysed by Keller et al.

The age correction for the Meiji lavas is relatively large 85 Ma , and some uncertainty in the age correction for these highly altered and strongly leached samples may account for the apparent scatter in Fig. Initial Pb isotope compositions of leached Emperor Seamount lava samples. Stars represent data for unleached rock powders of samples , and , and connecting lines indicate data for leached powders of the same samples.

Also plotted are conventional Pb isotope data from Keller et al. Small triangles and small circles are data from Keller et al.

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New high-precision triple-spike isotope measurements Abouchami et al. Our Sr isotope data for these seamounts are similar to those measured by Lanphere et al. This is probably due to the fact that our measurements were carried out on leached sample powders, and therefore more closely reflect the original magmatic values. The single Suiko sample analysed by Keller et al.

Alkalic lavas generally have less radiogenic Pb isotope compositions than tholeiitic lavas from the same seamount. An alkalic basalt from Suiko Seamount, as well as tholeiitic and alkalic lavas from seamounts younger than 60 Ma Ojin, Koko, Yuryaku and Daikakuji lie within the field for Hawaiian lavas.

Tholeiites from Meiji Seamount 85 Ma have low concentrations of incompatible elements, and depleted trace element and Sr isotope ratios, compared with young Hawaiian Islands tholeiites. At 81 Ma, when Detroit Seamount was built, Hawaiian magmatism was even more depleted. Incompatible trace element compositions and Sr and Nd isotope compositions of Detroit tholeiites are unlike those of all other Hawaiian lavas, and are similar to those of Pacific N-MORB.

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