Le Club Mandeville (French Edition)
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Addition C , ff. London, British Museum, Sloane , ff. London, British Museum, Additional , ff.
The nine manuscripts of Sub-Group A avoid all the features listed below as characteristic of the manuscripts of Sub-Groups B and C, and themselves display the following scribal contaminations Malville the modern Zemun, near Belgrade, by reading male ville ' evil town ' MS. Harley meliour ville ' better town ' , generally with the of the definite article;.
Furthermore, with the exception of MS. Bodley , all manuscripts of Sub-Group A. Bodley avoids the scribal contaminations numbered 5 to 8 in the list above, but has itself many unique corruptions. For example, it gives the date of Mandeville's departure from England as f. It is therefore clear that MS. Bodley derives from the lost archetype of Sub-Group A of all other extant manuscripts of the sub-group. The eight remaining manuscripts of Sub-Group A contain the numbered above, and six of these manuscripts omit the names and characters of the Saracen alphabet.
Each of the two manuscripts, MSS. Et dit homme qe ce sont chemyns denfern;.
John Mandeville - Wikipedia
On this evidence, MSS. This last manuscript avoid the blank space marking the omission of ceo est, reading simply Asie le Meindre, de Turkie f. Yet from the evidence of three other contaminations, listed below and also present in MSS. Harley and Ashmole , it is clear that there was a common ancestor of these three manuscripts, and that MS. The common ancestor of MSS. These features are found in MSS. Each of these three manuscripts has unique contaminations. Each of these three manuscripts, therefore, derives independently from the common ancestor which omitted qil auoit and the introductory sentence to the Persian alphabet and corrupted saut to sane.
Harley and Royal Harley has a number of unique contaminations; for example, it fills an earlier blank space marking the omission of ceo est by the la terre de f. It may be noted in passing that, with all its corruptions, MS. On the basis of this highly selective evidence, it is possible to construct a stemma for the nine manuscripts of Sub-Group A, in which the roman characters indicate stages in the scribal tradition:. B corrupts Malleville to male ville, and Roial Mont to roialment; and omits the. Persian and Chaldean alphabets.
E corrupts charbouncles to carbons and saut to sane. G omits qil auoit and the sentence introducing the Persian alphabet; and corrupts. The four manuscripts of Sub-Group B avoid the eight numbered scribal contaminations listed above as a characteristic of Sub-Group A 19 , and in their turn they contain numerous contaminations not found in the manuscripts of the latter.
It is therefore clear that these two sub-groups derive independently from the lost archetype of the Insular Version. Sub- Group B represents, with all its imperfections, a most important text. From it descend three of the four independent Latin translations of Mandeville's Travels made in England, the earliest English version the Defective Version, extant in thirty-one manuscripts , and two later English conflations based on the Defective Version the Cotton and the Egerton.
Versions, each extant in a single manuscript The readings of these non-French texts which reflect scribal corruptions in the Insular from which they were translated add much to an understanding of the Insular Version. The four manuscripts of Sub-Group B display the following scribal contaminations:.
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Among the four manuscripts which are thus distinguished two separate lines of descent are discernible: Sloane and Vossius Lat. F 75; and the other, with its corrupt variant vient Dalmaigne, comprising MSS. Sloane and Addition C The folio reference to the features so far listed for these two manuscripts are: In view of the thorough-going correspondence between MSS.
F 75 and Sloane , it is remarkable to find that the latter has the corrupt variant emperour instead of the better esperuier which is otherwise.
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Vulcan 96 which is translated from an Insular manuscript very close to MS. Sloane avoids this corruption, reading on f. Sloane has arisen independently; or that a scribe, by an apparently illegible or nonsensical word or even an blank space in his exemplar, has consulted a manuscript which already contained the corruption. There is certainly no doubt that MSS. F 75 derive independently from their common source; each contains errors avoided by the other. Vulcan 96; and it omits all the alphabets. Al empereur partient ne draps ne pain ne beyuere, cf. The folio references to the features so far listed for these two manuscripts are: Addition C ff.
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John Mandeville
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Stayed in June You get fresh air, good food but not the best conditions. French, as being more widely understood. In the Latin, and all the English versions except the Cotton manuscript, this last sentence is suppressed, so that each tacitly claims to be an original work; in the Cotton manuscript it is perverted and reads: This is the date in the Paris manuscript; others, French and English, have or in the case of those which make him start in , while the vulgate Latin has The passage common to all the English versions, that on his way back he submitted his book to the pope at Rome, is, no doubt, spurious.
It is at variance with his own account of the circumstances under which the work was written, and between and the popes resided not at Rome but at Avignon. A short dedicatory letter in Latin to Edward III, which is appended to some inferior French manuscripts, is also probably a late addition. In some copies the author's name appears as J.
The work itself is virtually made up of two parts. The first treats mainly of the Holy Land and the routes thither, and in the Paris manuscript it gives the title to the whole, viz. Incidentally he tells us he had been at Paris and at Constantinople, had long served the sultan of Egypt against the Bedouins, and had refused his offer of a prince's daughter in marriage, with a great estate, at the price of apostasy. He reports, too, a curious colloquy he had with the sultan on the vices of Christendom, and casually mentions that he left Egypt in the reign of Melechmadabron, by whom he possibly means Melik-el-Mudhaffar —7.
Finally, he speaks of being at the monastery of St. Catharine on Mount Sinai, and of having obtained access to the Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem by special grace of the sultan, who gave him letters under the great seal.
But in spite of these personal references almost the whole of his matter is undeniably taken from earlier writers. The framework, as Sir Henry Yule pointed out, is from William of Boldensele, a German knight and ex-Dominican who visited the holy places in —3, and wrote in a sober account of his journey Grotefend , Die Edelherren von Boldensele , , From first to last Mandeville copies him closely, though not always with intelligence; but at the same time he borrows abundantly from other sources, interweaving his various materials with some skill.
His authority, therefore, for the condition of the holy places in his own time, though often quoted, is utterly worthless. Although his statements about them are not historically accurate, this fact and a few other details suggest that he may really have been in Egypt, if not at Jerusalem, but the proportion of original matter is so very far short of what might be expected that even this is extremely doubtful. In the second part of the work, which describes nearly all Asia, there is, apart from his own assertions, no trace of personal experience whatever.
The place of Boldensele is here taken by Friar Odoric of Pordenone, whose intensely interesting narrative of eastern travel was written in , shortly after his return home Yule , Cathay and the Way thither , ; H. Odoric left Europe about —18, and travelled slowly overland from Trebizond to the Persian Gulf, where he took ship at Hormuz for Tana, a little north of Bombay. Thence he sailed along the coast to Malabar, Ceylon, and Mailapur, now Madras. After visiting Sumatra, Java, and other islands, Champa or S. There he remained three years, and then started homeward by land, but his route after Tibet is not recorded.
Mandeville practically steals the whole of these extensive travels and makes them his own, adding, as before, a mass of heterogeneous matter acquired by the same means. Next to Odoric he makes most use of Hetoum, from whom he took, besides other details, his summary description of the countries of Asia and his history of the Mongols.
Quentin, papal envoys to the Tartars about He admits in one place contradicting his prologue that he was never in Tartary itself, though he had been in Russia Galicia , Livonia, Cracow, and other countries bordering on it, but, without once naming his authorities, he writes throughout in the tone of an eye-witness.
Much in the same way he adopts Pliny's language about the ships of his time, so that it serves for those of the fourteenth century ib. But, whether repeating fact or fable, he associates himself with it. A good example of his method is his story of the mythical Fount of Youth. He takes this from Prester John's letter, and foists it upon Odoric's account of Malabar, but he adds that he himself had drunk of the fount, and still felt the good effects.
Further, in following Odoric through Cathay he adds conversations of his own at Cansay and at Cambalec, and asserts that he and his comrades served the Great Khan for fifteen months against the king of Manzi. The way he deals with Odoric's story of the devil-haunted Valley Perilous is curious; for in working it up with augmented horrors he tells how, with some of his fellows, he succeeded in passing through, after being shriven by two Friars Minor of Lombardy, who were with them.
Evidently he here alludes to Odoric himself, so as to forestall a charge of plagiarism by covertly suggesting that they travelled together. This theory was in fact put forward as early as the fifteenth century, to account for the agreement between the two works, and it was even asserted that Mandeville wrote first. Such, however, was certainly not the case, and all the evidence goes to prove that his book is not only a mere compilation, but a deliberate imposture.