Tube World

World tube

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Steel pipes are used for a wide range of applications including line pipes for petroleum and gas and piping for plants, and play major roles in the development of urban areas and expansion of industries. Specialty tubes and pipes are extensively used in thermal power plants worldwide, leading to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

It is essential that thermal power plants are efficiently operated with tight control of CO 2 emissions. For that purpose, these plants require the tubes and pipes that are durable in the severe condition with high temperature and pressure. NSSMC specialty tubes and pipes contribute not only to the stable operation of thermal power plants, but also to the prevention of global warming by supplying reliable and quality products manufactured under extremely tight quality control.

NSSMC's stainless steel and Ni alloy steel tubes and pipes have outstanding properties in terms of corrosion resistance, heat resistance and low temperature characteristics, and they have long been used as materials to handle harsh environments in energy fields such as petroleum refining and petrochemistry. Going forward, we will work to develop the original only-one of steel to meet cutting edge needs in increasingly harsh use environments, and advance technological innovation even further.

Steel pipe for construction and facilities, to help support safety and security, and contribute to the development of cities and industry. Due to the rising social need for safety assurance, cost effectiveness and aesthetics in recent years, many new characteristics have become necessary for steel pipes in fields such as civil engineering and construction. Our rich history in developing steel pipes through advanced technology and research will surely customers needs. Steel pipe for construction and facilities in areas such as water, sewer and industrial water pipe; interior air-conditioning for offices, hospitals, schools, and factories; and pipe for disaster prevention and sanitation is used in a wide range of lifeline infrastructure in our daily lives, and it plays a major role in developing safe and secure cities and industry.

Located on West Deep Creek just outside the national park. Campground has been in operation since We offer 25 full hookup sites, 12 on the creek and all sites have 30 amp electrical service. Hot showers for our campers and pay showers for the general public. Campground store and tube rental. Campers receive a discount on tube rental. Pets are accepted after a conversation with the owners.

Open from April 1 to October Call Bob or Sue Miller at Watches and loose jewelry should be left behind. And eyeglasses should be secured with a head strap. Finally, because our mountain streams and rivers are cool, you should bring towels and a change of dry clothes. Box Bryson City, NC During air raids in people used the tube stations as shelters.

Mountain Tubing Can Be an Easy Float or a Wild, Whitewater Ride

Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth , and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in and from Wembley Park to Stanmore in In , most of London's underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board , which used the London Transport brand. In the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in , and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in During the war many tube stations were used as air-raid shelters.

A total of people, including 62 children, died, making this both the worst civilian disaster of World War II, and the largest loss of life in a single incident on the London Underground network.

On 1 January , under the provisions of the Transport Act , the London Passenger Transport Board was nationalised and renamed the London Transport Executive , becoming a subsidiary organisation of the British Transport Commission , which was formed on the same day. The District line needed new trains and an unpainted aluminium train entered service in , this becoming the standard for new trains. The line opened in —71 with the trains being driven automatically and magnetically encoded tickets collected by automatic gates gave access to the platforms. On 1 January responsibility for public transport within Greater London passed from central government to local government, in the form of the Greater London Council GLC , and the London Transport Board was abolished.

On 28 February , a southbound train on the Northern City Line failed to stop at its Moorgate terminus and crashed into the wall at the end of the tunnel, in the Moorgate tube crash. There were 43 deaths and 74 injuries, the greatest loss of life during peacetime on the London Underground. In another new tube, the Jubilee line , named in honour of Queen Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee , took over the Stanmore branch from the Bakerloo line, linking it to a newly constructed tube between Baker Street and Charing Cross stations. Fares increased following a legal challenge but the fare zones were retained, and in the mids the Travelcard and the Capitalcard were introduced.

On 18 November , fire broke out in an escalator at King's Cross St. The resulting fire cost the lives of 31 people and injured a further London Underground were strongly criticised in the aftermath for their attitude to fires underground, and publication of the report into the fire led to the resignation of senior management of both London Underground and London Regional Transport. Transport for London TfL was created in as the integrated body responsible for London's transport system.

TfL is part of the Greater London Authority and is constituted as a statutory corporation regulated under local government finance rules. The day-to-day running of the corporation is left to the Commissioner of Transport for London. TfL eventually replaced London Regional Transport , and discontinued the use of the London Transport brand in favour of its own brand.

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The transfer of responsibility was staged, with transfer of control of the London Underground delayed until July , when London Underground Limited became an indirect subsidiary of TfL. This was undertaken before control passed to TfL, who were opposed to the arrangement. Electronic ticketing in the form of the contactless Oyster card was introduced in The Underground serves stations. The line and the stations were transferred to the London Overground network in These are made up of the sub-surface network and the deep-tube lines.

These lines have the exclusive use of a pair of tracks, except for the Piccadilly line, which shares track with the District line between Acton Town and Hanger Lane Junction and with the Metropolitan line between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge; and the Bakerloo line, which shares track with London Overground services north of Queen's Park. Fifty-five per cent of the system runs on the surface. In some places, the tunnels are above each other for example, the Central line east of St Paul's station , or the running tunnels are on the right for example on the Victoria line between Warren Street and King's Cross St.

Pancras, to allow cross-platform interchange with the Northern line at Euston.

London Underground

The lines are electrified with a four-rail DC system: On the sections of line shared with mainline trains, such as the District line from East Putney to Wimbledon and Gunnersbury to Richmond, and the Bakerloo line north of Queen's Park, the centre rail is bonded to the running rails. The average speed on the Underground is The Metropolitan line can reach speeds of 62 mph. The London Underground was used by 1.

The Underground uses several railways and alignments that were built by main-line railway companies. London Underground trains come in two sizes, larger sub-surface trains and smaller deep-tube trains. Stock on sub-surface lines is identified by a letter such as S Stock , used on the Metropolitan line , while tube stock is identified by the year of intended introduction [] for example, Stock , used on the Jubilee line.

In June a groundwater cooling system was installed at Victoria station. The Deep Tube Programme, investigating replacing the trains for the Bakerloo and Piccadilly lines, is looking for trains with better energy conservation and regenerative braking, on which it might be possible to install a form of air conditioning. In the original Tube design, trains passing through close fitting tunnels act as pistons to create air pressure gradients between stations. This pressure difference drives ventilation between platforms and the surface exits through the passenger foot network.

It also depends on an absence of turbulence in the tunnel headspace. In many stations the ventilation system is now ineffective because of alterations that reduce tunnel diameters and increase turbulence. An example is Green Park tube station, where false ceiling panels attached to metal frames have been installed that reduce the above-head airspace diameter by more than half in many parts. Originally air turbulence was kept to a minimum by keeping all signage flat to the tunnel walls. Now the ventilation space above head height is crowded with ducting, conduits, cameras, speakers and equipment acting as a baffle plates with predictable reductions in flow.

Temporary sign boards that stand at the top of escalators also maximise turbulence. The alterations to the ventilation system are important, not only to heat exchange, but also the quality of the air at platform level, particularly given its asbestos content. Originally access to the deep-tube platforms was by a lift. The shortest, at Stratford, gives a vertical rise of 4. There are lifts, [] and numbers have increased in recent years because of investment making tube stations accessible.

Over 28 stations will have lifts installed over the next 10 years, bring the total of step-free stations to over In mid London Underground, in partnership with Virgin Media , tried out Wi-Fi hot spots in many stations, but not in the tunnels, that allowed passengers free internet access. The free trial proved successful and was extended to the end of [] whereupon it switched to a service freely available to subscribers to Virgin Media and others, or as a paid-for service.

Preparation works started in early The main tunnelling was completed in November , having started in April. The extension is due to open in Provision will be made for a possible future extension to Clapham Junction by notifying the London Borough of Wandsworth of a reserved course under Battersea Park and subsequent streets.

Funding was agreed in December , [] and the final approval for the extension was given on 24 July , [] with the aim of completion by As of November , the project is on hold awaiting additional funding. With post-war austerity, the plan was abandoned. In Ken Livingstone , the then Mayor of London , announced that within twenty years Camberwell would have a tube station. In , as part of the planning for the transfer of the North London line to what became London Overground , TfL proposed re-extending the Bakerloo line to Watford Junction.

The London Borough of Hillingdon has proposed that the Central line be extended from West Ruislip to Uxbridge via Ickenham, claiming this would cut traffic on the A40 in the area. In mid Transport for London issued a tender for up to 18 trains for the Jubilee line and up to 50 trains for the Northern line. These would be used to increase frequencies and cover the Battersea extension on the Northern line.

The study had showed that, with new generation trains and re-signalling:. A notice was published on 28 February in the Official Journal of the European Union asking for expressions of interest in building the trains. Some stations are in two zones, and the cheapest fare applies. In , TfL became the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment from contactless bank cards.

Over million journeys have taken place using contactless, and TfL has become one of Europe's largest contactless merchants, with around 1 in 10 contactless transactions in the UK taking place on across the TfL network. A concessionary fare scheme is operated by London Councils for residents who are disabled or meet certain age criteria.

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In addition to automatic and staffed faregates at stations, the Underground also operates on a proof-of-payment system. The system is patrolled by both uniformed and plain-clothes fare inspectors with hand-held Oyster-card readers. The tube closes overnight during the week, but since , some lines have operated all night on Friday and Saturday nights. The first trains run from about The Underground runs a limited service on Christmas Eve with some lines closing early, and does not operate on Christmas Day.

On 19 August , London Underground launched a hour service on the Victoria and Central lines with plans in place to extend this to the Piccadilly, Northern and Jubilee lines starting on Friday morning and continuing right through until Sunday evening. The service operates on the:. The Jubilee, Piccadilly and Victoria lines operate at minute intervals, and the Central line between White City and Leytonstone [ clarification needed ] [ does this bit have 10 min intervals too?

No services will operate on the other lines for the time being. Accessibility for people with limited mobility was not considered when most of the system was built, and before fire regulations prohibited wheelchairs on the Underground. The standard issue tube map indicates stations that are step-free from street to platforms.

Access from platform to train at some stations can be assisted using a boarding ramp operated by staff, and a section has been raised on some platforms to reduce the step. During peak hours, stations can get so crowded that they need to be closed. Passengers may not get on the first train [] and the majority of passengers do not find a seat on their trains, [] some trains having more than four passengers every square metre.

In November it was reported that 80 people had died by suicide in the previous year on the London Underground, up from 46 in These were constructed in to aid drainage of water from the platforms, but also halve the likelihood of a fatality when a passenger falls or jumps in front of a train. Early maps of the Metropolitan and District railways were city maps with the lines superimposed, [] and the District published a pocket map in He presented his original draft in , and after initial rejection it was first printed in Today's tube map is an evolution of that original design, and the ideas are used by many metro systems around the world.

The current standard tube map shows the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, Emirates Air Line, London Tramlink and the London Underground; [] a more detailed map covering a larger area, published by National Rail and Transport for London, includes suburban railway services. While the first use of a roundel in a London transport context was the trademark of the London General Omnibus Company registered in , it was first used on the Underground in when the UERL placed a solid red circle behind station nameboards on platforms to highlight the name. The words "London Transport" were added inside the ring, above and below the bar.

The Carr-Edwards report, published in as possibly the first attempt at a graphics standards manual, introduced stricter guidelines. Seventy of the London Underground stations use buildings that are on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest , and five have entrances in listed buildings.

In the first decade of the 20th century Leslie Green established a house style for the tube stations built by the UERL, which were clad in ox-blood faience blocks. The buildings had metal lettering attached to pale walls. When the Central line was extended east, the stations were simplified Holden proto- Brutalist designs, [] and a cavernous concourse built at Gants Hill in honour of early Moscow Metro stations.

The stations of the s extension of the Jubilee line were much larger than before [] and designed in a high-tech style by architects such as Norman Foster and Michael Hopkins , making extensive use of exposed metal plating. Many platforms have unique interior designs to help passenger identification. The tiling at Baker Street incorporates repetitions of Sherlock Holmes 's silhouette, [] at Tottenham Court Road semi-abstract mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi feature musical instruments, tape machines and butterflies, [] and at Charing Cross , David Gentleman designed the mural depicting the construction of the Eleanor Cross.

The first posters used various type fonts, as was contemporary practice, [] and station signs used sans serif block capitals. The typesetters P22 developed today's electronic version, sometimes called TfL Johnston, in Early advertising posters used various letter fonts. The Johnston Sans letter font began appearing on posters from Numbers of commissions dropped, to eight a year in the s and just four a year in the s, [] with images from artists such Harry Stevens and Tom Eckersley.

Art on the Underground was introduced in by Henry Fitzhugh to revive London Transport as a patron of the arts: Similarly, Poems on the Underground has commissioned poetry since that are displayed in carriages. The London Underground Film Office received over requests to film in

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