City Boys and Mountain Horses, True Adventures Roughing It in Washington’s Colville National Forest

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Stands are characteristically uneven-aged and open, with little heavy underbrush. The ground cover is chiefly grass or low shrubs. When combined, these two maps would depict general forest conditions for the entire Blue Mountains province as they existed in the late s ponderosa pine sawtimber, ponderosa pine second growth, other conifer sawtimber, other conifer second growth, noncommercial forest, deforested land, and nonforest land.

Chris Chriswell; to Many Forest Service retirees compile memoirs of their time in the organization. Most of these memoirs recount the good times, unusual adventures, and human interest stories. Occasionally an individual will delve into the administrative and social history of the organization. This accession includes candid and informative historical perspectives on a variety of forest management issues. Baker National Forest in Possessed of a good memory for dates, names, and facts, Mr. Chriswell provides a detailed description of historical events and agency actions, including the study and creation of the North Cascades National Park.

Chriswell served on several Region 6 national forests, and in the Regional Office in Portland. Of particular interest and enjoyment is Mr. A study of grazing conditions in the Wenaha National Forest. The principal forage plants of the higher part of the Wenaha NF are perennial, consisting mostly of shrubs. With the exception of the tops of some ridges, there seems to be no deterioration in the grazing areas.

The tops of the ridges are being used as highways for the sheep. On account of snow, the range is limited to about 5 months of grazing, which is helping to hold down grazing impacts. An inventory of the relative distribution and abundance of principal forage plants should be made occasionally to indicate if any undesirable plant succession is occurring. The full carrying capacity of the range is not being used. A more complete utilization of the range would require development of additional sheep trails.

So far as the regulation of the sheep industry and the enforcement of law and order are concerned, Government leasing to single individuals has been a marked success. This report describes an area that was examined after the Grande Ronde Lumber Company of Perry, Oregon applied for a timber sale in the Lookingglass Creek area. The report includes a multi-color reconnaissance map of the area showing the boundary of the area applied for, and some general vegetation types yellow pine, larch-Douglas-fir-white fir, and open areas.

Report on driveway investigation. This report describes the results of an examination of sheep driveways on portions of the Umatilla, Whitman, and Malheur national forests. A three-week examination was made in the summer of , and it consisted of on-the-ground reviews of driveway conditions along with interviews of sheepmen band owners , shepherds, private landowners located along the driveways, and national forest supervisors and rangers concerned with administration and regulation of the grazing program on their units.

Airplane and helicopter spraying with DDT for spruce budworm control. This article describes an experimental control project against western spruce budworm on 4, acres of defoliated mixed-conifer forest on the Umatilla National Forest and on lands owned by the Kinzua Pine Mills Company of Heppner, Oregon. Aerial surveys in showed that almost 1,, acres of mixed-conifer forest in eastern Oregon and Washington were infested with western spruce budworm. Several experiments involving an insecticide called DDT were in progress against budworm in New York state and eastern Canada, and it was proposed to try DDT as a control agent against budworm in the Blue Mountains area.

An area of 6, acres was delineated within a larger, ,acre infestation affecting the Heppner Ranger District for an experimental application of DDT during the later half of June in the infested area ranged from Swale Creek on the east to the Spray-Heppner highway on the west. The experiment included 14 plots of acres each, with twelve plots treated and 2 plots untreated as controls all of the plots were situated within a 5-mile radius of Opal Butte. Five combinations of dosage and application method were involved in the experiment: Insecticide was applied between June 22nd and July 2nd of One interesting aspect of the experiment was a new technique for marking the corner trees of each plot — it involved shooting a line over the trees to feet tall with a line-throwing shoulder gun, and then using the line to haul up a paint bomb consisting of a quart of aluminum paint in a fiber container in which was inserted a detonator and one quarter of a stick of dynamite.

The paint bomb was electrically detonated from the ground, with the explosive force effectively distributing the paint throughout the upper tree crown. The tree crown was visible for some distance from the air, but no apparent damage was caused to the tree. Daily measurements of the budworm larvae and the tree foliage were made to insure that the treatments were applied when the insect was most vulnerable.

The results of the experimental applications were impressive. The three airplane plots sprayed with the one-pound dosage showed an average control of The plots sprayed with the 2-pound dosage had a control rate of Plots sprayed by helicopter had a lower control rate than those sprayed with an airplane, ranging from The one plot sprayed with one-half pound of DDT per acre an error showed a control rate of only No foliage burning from the spray mixture was noted on any of the treated plots.

Treated trees showed an immediate response, with Douglas-fir greening up within three weeks of the spraying. A mountain pine beetle outbreak occurred in ponderosa and lodgepole pines in the northern Blue Mountains and Wallowa Mountains in the early s beginning no later than , according to the figures in this report. This report describes an examination of the areas that received pine beetle control treatments in control work began on April 5th and was completed on June 30th , not only to determine treatment effectiveness but to ascertain whether further control work was warranted.

Although this report does not go into the outbreak history in much detail, it is surmised that this control project was one of the first of its kind, at least for northeastern Oregon and possibly the entire western United States. It will be sufficient to state that they did not do so; nor did they render any assistance in any way whatsoever. A summary tables shows that 76, acres were examined and that 12, yellow pines ponderosa pine and 16, lodgepole pines were treated on those acres.

The number of red-top and current-year infested trees are also provided for each of the tree species. The outbreak was still quite heavy in untreated lodgepole and whitebark pine stands as of The Whitman National Forest map that accompanies this report dated shows the treatment and infestation areas in color; it was copied on 8, 8.

Blue Mountain Forest Reserve E. After establishment of the forest reserves and national forests early in the twentieth century, inspections were supposed to be made at regular intervals.

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Initially, inspections were conducted by Forest Inspectors stationed at the District Regional Offices. This forest reserve inspection report was prepared by an inspector from the District Office; it includes the following sections: It includes interesting insights about early conditions in the Blue Mountains, as illustrated with this quote: The yellow pine is more abundant and is found in more suitable situations on this reserve than I have seen its occurrence in any other part of Oregon. It grows tall and straight, maintains a uniform taper, and furnishes a large percentage of clear length.

Trees thirty to fifty inches in diameter, with height of feet, are not uncommon. Report on Wallowa Forest Reserve, Oregon. This forest reserve inspection report was prepared by an inspector from the District Office; it consists of a series of smaller documents covering the following topics: Report on Chesnimnus Forest Reserve, Oregon. Report on Heppner, Oregon, National Forest. This national forest inspection report was prepared by an inspector from the District Office; it includes the following sections: Erickson offers some interesting insights in this work, as illustrated by this quote: The cause of the lack of deer and other game is probably due to the annual hunt of the Warm Springs and Umatilla Indians who come into the country en masse with large bands of horses.

The Forest officers should see that each Indian complies with the game laws. Supplementary report on Wallowa Forest Reserve, Oregon. Upper North Fork timber survey project. Five small forest areas totaling 2, The areas were widely separated, so that each one comprised a separate logging chance. The chances varied in size from 80 to 1, acres and all were very accessible. All of the timber was tributary, by siding or spur, to the Sumpter Valley narrow-gauge railroad. A color map shows the location of the cruised areas, all of which were fairly close to Whitney in the Sumpter Valley.

The examined areas consisted primarily of cancelled claims scattered among the patented private land in the valley. The yellow pine timber was 10, board feet per merchantable acre. Several interesting tables summarize the species composition and volumes encountered on the tracts. Some evidence of insect killed trees and recent windthrow was also noted on the areas. The examiners noted that many areas had an open understory of lodgepole pine beneath the mature yellow pine overstory.

The authors did not know if overgrazing, fires, or natural causes could be used to explain the lodgepole pine reproduction under a yellow pine overstory, although they believed that by protecting the area carefully after logging, the yellow pine would eventually prevail over the shorter-lived lodgepole. However, they recommended the situation be closely monitored since encroachment by lodgepole pine was noted as a problem in many localities.

In the Tipton chance especially, they noted that every effort should be made to keep the area as a yellow pine forest by discouraging the advance growth of lodgepole pine. They recommended that slash be piled and burned following logging, except in the open stands near juniper barrens where lopping and scattering should be thoroughly tried since it should effectively conserve moisture for regenerating seedlings. The larch-Douglas-fir type was indefinite in these tracts since Douglas-fir grew most often with yellow pine and larch was commonly associated with lodgepole pine.

It was observed that larch dwarf mistletoe seems to suppress and kill much of the western larch in the area and seldom were larch trees able to reach merchantable size. A stand table is provided for the fir-larch forest type. Pure lodgepole pine was minor, occurring mostly on moist sites in the Tipton area. It was notable that lodgepole pine was extending itself aggressively. Many small groups of dead lodgepole pines were observed, having been killed by insects Dendroctonus monticola. Juniper barrens found on dry, rocky ridges , grass and sagebrush communities at lower elevations, three meadows 37 acres , and brushy river bottoms 54 acres also occurred in the tracts.

The report ends with a series of tables summarizing snags by section within townships and ranges , areas and volumes by section, volume by logging chances and species, and types of logging chances. Wallowa and Minam Forests. A variety of silvical characteristics are described for each species habit, occurrence, soil and moisture, shade tolerance, growth and longevity, reproduction, susceptibility to injury, etc. The descriptions of the vegetation zones, including predominant forest types associated with each of them, are especially thorough. It provides interesting observations about plant succession, as illustrated with this quote: It is interesting to note that some of these areas are being occupied by sagebrush where a few years ago, there was none.

A possible explanation is that the annual fires of the Indians kept it killed out and now it has a chance to develop. Yellow pine is slowly encroaching upon the sagebrush, the chief factor in its rate of advance being moisture, provided fire is kept out. The same statement will hold true in regard to the other open areas as well. As fast as the reproduction has pushed out from under the protection of the parent trees, the periodical fires have killed it back, thus keeping the timber line practically stationary.

In recent years, conditions have improved, and it is noticeable that the pine is reaching out, although slowly. The north slopes [are] being occupied by a thick stand of fir reproduction. Even pine is gaining a foothold here, and is gradually creeping across the ridge to the south slopes. This accession consists of a 1-page memorandum by Forest Supervisor Carl Ewing, and a 5-page enclosure providing the following historical information about the Umatilla National Forest: Western white pine seed collection, fall of This interesting report describes a very large seed collection program that occurred in the fall of on the Kaniksu National Forest in northern Idaho.

The objective was to collect 20, bushels of western white pine, although no particular reason was given for a program of that size perhaps due to increased planting and seeding needs following the extensive forest fires of ? The report mentions that western white pine had an exceptionally large crop of cones in , whereas other species had a correspondingly low cone crop that year. This meant that squirrel caching was confined almost exclusively to white pine and, since most collecting was from squirrel caches, this combination of circumstances was viewed as ideal for a large seed collection program.

This report includes the following major sections: It includes detailed information on production rates, costs, labor forces, logistics, cone shipment forms, etc. A portion of a small-scale map of the Kaniksu dated shows the actual areas from which cones were collected. Ten high-quality black-and-white photographs are included, several of which are 8" x 10" in size. Humorous accounts of camp life, Swedish laborers, union agitation among the pickers, competition between the pickers and squirrels for the cones including squirrels robbing cones from sealed cone sacks , and other aspects of the project are provided in the report.

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Organization of national forest force. The author uses the historical context as a way to set the stage for his recommendations concerning the training and organization of the national forest work force. Two types of organization had been tried to that point on Pacific Northwest national forests: If 10 Rangers are employed on the forest, then the forest would have 10 Districts.

Although no particular organizational scheme is endorsed, several alternatives are discussed. Two silvics narratives for the Wenaha National Forest, Washington. This accession consists of two miscellaneous silvical narratives: A wide variety of silvical characteristics are discussed for each of the species described. Foster provides some interesting insights about forest ecology, as illustrated with these quotes: The forest types may be divided into the summit type, the flat, and the canyon.

Along streams conttonwood and balm of Gilead is found with mountain maple, wild cherry, and other broadleaf species. On unburned areas, reproduction is rather backward, especially in thick stands of timber, but in blanks reproduction often is rather abundant and of the same proportion as the surrounding forest. If it were not for the forest growth upon them, the soil should soon wash off, exposing the bare rock. This has happened where the bunch grass has been overgrazed by sheep, and there are no trees to hold the soil.

Most of this report is based on a reconnaissance examination of an area near Sumpter, Oregon and as far west as Susanville. The following topics are described: The balance of the report provides descriptions for individual species, in which the general characteristics, site requirements, tolerance, reproduction, relationships with other species, and fire effects are discussed.

The following species are described: The final page of the report is a list of the trees found on the Forest; 16 species are shown. This document includes some interesting insights about early forest conditions and management activities in the Blue Mountains, as illustrated with these quotes: White fir, though occasionally used for fuel when no better species are available, makes poor fuel wood, while for saw timber it is all but valueless owing to the fact that nearly all mature trees are badly rotted by a prevalent polyporus, and the wood season-checks badly.

Unless care is taken this species is prone to supplant such species as yellow pine and tamarack since it is much more tolerant of shade in early life. It cut a swathe two miles wide through the forest. The spruce budworm in Oregon and Washington; season of This is a report about the status of a widespread spruce budworm outbreak in the Douglas-fir and balsam grand fir stands of Oregon and Washington.

The purpose of this report was to record what is known about the budworm outbreak and to discuss the control possibilities. The data presented were based on five years of observations, intensive surveys in and , and an experimental control project and detailed biological studies in Maps and tables are included that show the extent and intensity of the infestation. The possibilities for control are also discussed. Two tables intensity of infestation; ownership of infested areas and two maps Blue Mountains area; Oregon Cascades area are present at the end of the report, although map 1, Blue Mountains area, was the only one copied since both maps were in color and oversized.

Buckhorn for detailed information about the situation when it was proposed to conduct a large-scale control experiment on the Heppner Ranger District of the Umatilla National Forest. That experiment was completed in late June and early July of when it was demonstrated that aerial application of one pound of DDT in one gallon of fuel oil per acre, when properly timed, provided control at levels ranging up to 95 percent.

An intensive study of the budworm was made throughout the season on the Heppner Ranger District and other representative areas in the Blue Mountains. The habits of the budworm were studied and records were kept on the degree of parasitism and the incidence of disease.

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During August and September of , an intensive survey of budworm defoliation was made by aerial and ground methods; the results of that survey are given area by area the results are generally summarized by national forest in this report. As of this report, the budworm outbreak in the Blue Mountains was the most extensive in the region, comprising some 1,, acres. Defoliation was rated as very high on , acres, and high on , additional acres.

Heavy and very heavy defoliation on the Umatilla NF comprised , acres of the total. The heavy and very heavy defoliation had weakened trees to the point that outbreaks of Douglas-fir beetle and other bark beetles were expected. The author concludes by noting that control of the spruce budworm was not a simple matter. It was difficult to know when, or if, control was necessary.

He also recognized that one treatment may not be enough since the budworm often had a long infestation cycle, especially as compared to Douglas-fir tussock moth. The possibility that repeated treatments may be necessary was one reason that protected stands had to be of sufficient value to warrant the cost of more than one treatment. Grazing history of the northwest. Journal of Range Management. The earliest grazing in the northwest, which probably began around , was by Indian horses.

Livestock, a few head of cattle, were first brought to the northwest by spaniards in at Nootka Bay on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Marcus Whitman brought cattle to the area east of the Cascade Mountains in Mass movements of cattle took place from western Oregon to eastern Oregon during the s. After cattle numbers in eastern Oregon skyrocketed, sizable exports of livestock to regions east of the Rocky Mountains occurred in the late s, although these drives were largely neglected by early writers who chose to popularize cattle drives from Texas and the southwestern United States.

This early report provides a brief description of the area being considered for a Blue Mountains Forest Reserve. A short discussion of the forest vegetation in each township is included. No introductory remarks or overall descriptions topography, soils, etc. La Grande Forest Reserve. This short report discusses the following topics as related to the proposed La Grande Forest Reserve, which was located in extreme northeastern Oregon and a small portion of southeastern Washington: Very short descriptions of the vegetation are provided for each of the 17 townships that were contained in the area being examined.

This short report includes the following sections: Study of western larch. This report describes the ecology of western larch on the Whitman National Forest. The report begins with the following quote: This is due to a lack of moisture. According to Sudworth this tree demands an annual rainfall of from 20 to 30 inches, coming very largely in the winter and spring.

In this Forest the rainfall is on an average This is sufficient to permit larch to grow, but not enough to produce a vigorous and thrifty tree. As a result of insufficient moisture it is of slow growth and often dies early. These areas typically occurred on dryer south and west facing slopes up to 7, feet elevation, and on dry benches. Although it was comprised chiefly of yellow pine, the yellow pine slope type also contained small amounts of western larch, Douglas-fir, white fir, and lodgepole pine.

The north slope type was found on north- and east-facing slopes where soil moisture was relatively abundant. Although comprised of the same species as the yellow pine slope type, the predominant ones were white fir, Douglas-fir, and western larch, with minor amounts of yellow pine and lodgepole pine. The transition type occurred on moist sites and at high elevations, where yellow pine did not grow.

The subalpine form of the transition type occurred at elevations above 6, feet and was typically dominated by stands of lodgepole pine. Western larch grew best on well-drained bottom lands where the roots had access to abundant moisture, but it did not grow well on saturated sites with an excessive amount of soil moisture.

Gilkey ranked the moisture requirements of the five most common tree species as follows: Larch was considered to be the most shade intolerant species on the Forest, with the trees ranked in this order: The author noted that dwarf mistletoe was abundant throughout the larch type, with saplings frequently infected by the time that they were an inch or less in diameter.

It was noted that mistletoe infections varied for the various physiognomic types: Larch was observed to start producing good quantities of seed by the time it had reached a diameter of six inches or more generally about 60 years of age. It was also noted that larch often formed pure stands, especially after wildfire, but that pure stands seldom persisted past the pole size class.

At that point in its development, snow often bends the slender trees over and breaks many of them off, thereby thinning the stand and allowing the shade tolerant firs to come in underneath and persist to maturity.

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Although larch returned the same stumpage price as Douglas-fir, it was considered less valuable due to its greater defect shake, etc. The original report included 5 high-quality black-and-white photographs. Remote past of the Heppner District vicinity. This accession consists of a 1-page cover memorandum and a page, double-spaced, typescript report. The report was written in an entertaining and engaging language by a "Lookout Foreman" stationed at the Arbuckle Mountain fire lookout on the Heppner Ranger District.

The report describes some of the primary geological processes responsible for the topography and physiography of the Columbia River basalt lava flow portion of the Blue Mountains in northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. The author spends even a greater portion of the report describing fossil evidence found on the Heppner Ranger District, both for plants and animals, and speculates as to what the evidence might mean and how it was formed during various geological epochs.

Although this report imparts valuable information, it is perhaps most enjoyable for its unusual writing style and the manner in which the information is presented. Herrick timber contract, Malheur National Forest, Oregon. United States Government Printing Office. This accession consists of a report transcription completed by Martin Gabrio Morisette of Prineville, Oregon. According to Morisette, the Portland Chamber of Commerce was actively engaged in recruiting eastern lumberman to Oregon. It is assumed that after the timber sale was offered for bid, Barnes was not the low bidder and Herrick actually got the sale.

In , some rabble rousers mostly friends of Barnes' in Grant County got the Oregon Legislature to memorialize the U. Senate to look into the timber sale that Fred Herrick was stumbling along in completing. Senate convened a committee that convened a subcommittee and for several weeks in February , the words really flew! This accession is derived from the Government Printing Office's rendering of the hearing notes. This report describes a continuation of timber survey work initiated in by Fred A. The survey area totalled 59, acres, and contained an estimated million board feet of timber the average stand on national forest lands was 8, board feet per acre, of which 5, feet was yellow pine, 1, feet white fir, 1, feet western larch, and the balance Douglas-fir.

The report includes numerous tables that summarize statistics by townships, species, snags, defect, and so forth. The survey area was located in a trough 2 miles by 14 miles in extent on the north end of the Wallowa horseshoe, from 12 to 25 miles due north of Enterprise, Oregon. Elevations ranged from 4, feet on Elk Mountain at the southern end to 2, feet on lower Swamp Creek. The project area included 12, acres of government-owned land, and contained an estimated 71, thousand board feet of timber, almost all of which was western yellow ponderosa pine. A table that provides average stocking conditions for the western yellow pine type showed 39 trees per acre total from 4 inches diameter and greater , with 24 being yellow pine, 12 Douglas-fir, and 3 western larch.

The larch-fir type was noted as occurring in a narrow strip along Swamp Creek and its branches, as there was not a single solid forty [acre tract] of larch-fir anywhere in the survey area. A relatively large proportion of the area was supporting grassland 5, acres dominated by bunch grass, lupine, arnica, pine grass, sedges, and weeds. Mistletoe was a serious danger to the yellow pine reproduction, to western larch, and to Douglas-fir. Windfall was moderate except in small areas of dead lodgepole pine. The author stated that standard East-side marking rules for District 6 could be used in this area and that a large proportion of the existing overstory could be marked because of the ample reproduction and poles already established in the area.

The report includes numerous tables that summarize statistics by townships, species, snags, defect, and so forth; it also included three photographs or plates, none of which were present in the copy at the National Archives.

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The Powder River timber survey project area covered 28, acres of government land, with nearly the same amount of intermingled private land. Private lands included timber patents, nine mining claims, two mill sites, several homesteads, and acres of school land. There were also two homestead entries pending and a great many mining claims, all but a few of which had been long abandoned. Other private interests in the survey area included ten miles of the Sparta irrigation ditch, a short stretch of the Hogem ditch, the Balm Creek irrigation reservoir, three small sawmills with timber sales, five miles of unused transmission and telephone line of the Eagle River Electric Power Company at that time, it was in receivership , about fifty salt troughs built by the local stock association, and a cooperative fire lookout house on Sparta Butte.

The old Union-Cornucopia stage road, then a county road, traversed the project area from east to west. The survey area was located on the southwest side of the Minam National Forest between 3, and 6, feet elevation, about 20 miles north of Baker, Oregon. The area lies between the Catherine Creek-Big Creek divide on the north, the Eagle Creek Canyon on the east, and the Forest boundary on the south and west. The project was initiated in response to an application for a timber sale by Mr.

Alex Allardyce of Spokane, Washington, who was interested in the timber on the associated private land. Work began on August 30th and was completed on October 15th, by a party that averaged eight men. Recommendations about logging chances were constrained by the numerous land alienations and encumbrances, and by local demands wood requirements of local ranchers , as well as topography and merchantability. The report includes these sections: The average standing volume for the survey area was 6, board feet per acre, of which 4, feet was ponderosa pine and the rest primarily Douglas-fir.

Mature stands of western yellow ponderosa pine comprised over one half of the project area. A table providing average stocking conditions for the western yellow pine type showed 24 trees per acre total from 4 inches diameter and greater , with 15 being yellow pine, 5 Douglas-fir, 1 western larch, and 3 white grand fir. About one-seventh of the survey area consisted of the larch-fir type, occurring mostly at high elevations and on north and east aspects. Douglas-fir was the predominant species in that type below 5, feet elevation and going east from the Goose Creek area.

An average stand table for the larch-fir type had 68 trees per acre, with 6 being yellow pine, 22 Douglas-fir, 11 western larch, 20 white grand fir, 5 Engelmann spruce, and 4 lodgepole pine. Sagebrush and grassland types also occurred in the area. Most of the burns are 20 to 40 years old or older.

There are also two small areas on Velvet Creek burned over in on one of which, in fir-larch timber, most of the trees appear to be dead over about 80 acres. The big fire of denuded an area of about one thousand acres on the high flat between Big and Lick Creeks. This is rapidly being recovered with lodgepole and larch-fir, the natural forest types. Harvest areas were already common in the area. The west side of Medical Springs had already yielded a large amount of free-use material and more was being required each year for posts, firewood, and construction on the ranches in the valley below.

In an area south of Sparta, cuttings had been made by prospectors and by some of the mines.

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Much of the survey area was also important for spring and fall cattle grazing. It was important to practice conservative logging and careful grazing due to the high watershed protection values of the area. Many tables are included that summarize the survey results by species, location, logging chance, etc. Attached is a four-page Cost Report dated January 26, Development of new Oregon pine section.

This informative article describes how the Union Pacific Railroad came to Burns, Oregon, a development that was instrumental in allowing the extensive pine timberlands of the southern Blue Mountains to be developed and exploited for the first time. As a result of informal applications in , the Forest Service began cruising and laying out a huge block of timber on the Malheur National Forest.

It was known as the Bear Valley unit. One of the main conditions of a timber sale involving this timber block was that a standard-guage, common-carrier railroad be built from Crane into the yellow pine timber of the Malheur NF. A block containing million board feet of timber was advertised in the spring of Although considered huge by current standards, that offering was viewed as only a small part of the 6. The Bear Valley block included in the sale comprised 67, acres of the headwaters of the Silvies River.

The article also includes an interesting and detailed account of how the railroad was developed into northern Harney and southern Grant counties. I'd like to read this book on Kindle Don't have a Kindle? Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a customer review. There's a problem loading this menu right now.

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