MALAYSIA Country Studies: A brief, comprehensive study of Malaysia

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Conversations with Mahathir Mohamad Dr M: Operation Malaysia Giants of Asia Series. Confrontation the War with Indonesia — Kuala Lumpur Street Names: A Guide to Their Meanings and Histories. Secret War in South East Asia. A brief, comprehensive study of Malaysia. Malay Archipelago Periplus Classics Series. Economic Development, Distribution, Disparities.

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Language in the Making of Malaysia. Exposing Britain's My Lai. Intertidal History in Island Southeast Asia: Submerged Genealogy and the Legacy of Coastal Capture.

The Myth of the Lazy Native: Get to Know Us. English Choose a language for shopping. Amazon Music Stream millions of songs. The National Council on Higher Education Act, Under this Act, a national body was set up to determine policies and co-ordinate the development and rapid expansion of tertiary education in the country. The Malaysian Qualifications Agency Act, paves the way for the establishment of the Malaysian Qualifications Agency as a national quality assurance agency to implement the Malaysian Qualifications Framework MQF , accrediting higher education programmes and regulating the quality and standard of higher education providers of both public and private higher educational institutions in the country.

With corporatisation, these universities are given more administrative and financial autonomy to chart programmes necessary for academic excellence. The National Higher Education Fund Corporation Act, The purpose of this Act is to establish a fund that provides financial assistance through study loans to students at higher educational institutions in Malaysia.

It also provides for the establishment of a savings scheme with the objective of instilling saving habits in children, from as early as Year 1 in primary school, with the intention of enabling them to finance their own higher education in future. All higher educational institutions operating in Malaysia are subjected to one or more of the above legislation, depending on whether the education provider is publicly or privately-owned.

The legislation has made possible the following major enhancements in the Malaysian higher education system:. The above Acts are reviewed from time to time to ensure that Malaysia achieves its aim of becoming a centre of educational excellence. Medium of Instruction English is used as the primary medium of instruction at most of the private higher educational institutions in the country. It is however, only used for postgraduate studies at public universities as the bachelor degree courses conducted at these universities are taught primarily in the national language, Bahasa Melayu.

Economy of Malaysia

Introduction Both public and private education providers play equally important roles in the provision of higher education. Together, the public and private sectors provide abundant study options. HEIs offer programmes leading to the award of certificates, diplomas as well as postgraduate qualifications. Public Higher Educational Institutions The government-funded public higher educational institutions under the Ministry of Higher Education consist of:.

At the beginning of , five research universities i. With this autonomy, the Board of Directors of these universities would now be empowered to make decisions that were once decided by MOHE. Tunku Abdul Rahman College Note: This college has been upgraded to private university college status in Private Higher Educational Institutions All private-funded higher educational institutions come under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Higher Education and comprise:.

Students who wish to obtain a degree from a foreign university have the option of enrolling at a branch campus of foreign universities in Malaysia. Currently they are six foreign universities have set up their campus in Malaysia. Two more foreign universities were allowed to set up their campuses in Malaysia. Both the academic and skills pathway leading to desired qualifications are available to the students in the education and training system. Tertiary education in Malaysia offers a wide range of academic qualifications to pursue and it also includes skill training certification which is outside the domain of MOHE.

A pre-university qualification is a basic entry requirement for a bachelor degree at higher educational institutions. The providers of post-secondary education include some public universities and private higher educational institutions under MOHE. However the main providers of post-secondary education are post-secondary schools and matriculation colleges under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education MOE. Academic Qualifications at Higher Education Level Higher Education covers certificate, diploma, undergraduate as well as postgraduate levels.

The providers of higher education are colleges, polytechnics and universities. Undergraduate studies consist of bachelor degree levels and professional studies while postgraduate studies consist of master degrees and PhD levels. Higher education at certificate and diploma levels are for students from the age of 17 with SPM qualifications which is equivalent to GCSE 'O' levels while the bachelor degree level is usually for students from the age of 19 or 20 onwards with post-secondary qualifications such as the STPM which is equivalent to GCE 'A' levels or pre-university or university foundation qualifications.

These degree programmes normally take between three to five years. After obtaining a bachelor's degree, students can proceed to postgraduate studies. The general entry requirements and duration of study at certificate, diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate levels for higher education academic can be grouped as below:. The framework specifies that a programme is required to achieve the following minimum credits before an academic qualification can be awarded, e. Master degrees and PhD obtained by research do not have credit values.

The various levels of higher education qualifications based on the MQF can be defined as follows:. The providers of skills training are from various ministries, government agencies and private sectors. The education at primary and secondary schools in Malaysia is free at government schools. Students studying at public universities need to pay tuition fees. However, the fees are highly subsidised by the government. Students at private institutions pay full fees. There are many types of financial aid readily available for Malaysian students who pursue higher education in the country.

These include scholarships and study loans from the public and private sectors. The government is the main provider of financial aid such as:. Fee waiver schemes are offered by many private higher educational institutions and many study loan schemes are offered by various organisations. Its key function is to quality assure all programmes and qualifications offered by higher education providers. MQA is entrusted with implementing the national framework known as the Malaysian Qualifications Framework MQF to accredit higher educational programmes and qualifications, to supervise and regulate the quality and standard of higher education providers, to establish and maintain the Malaysian Qualifications Register and to provide for related matters.

The implementation of MQF means that there will be a unified system to bind and interlink all the qualifications awarded in Malaysia which includes higher education qualifications and Malaysian Skills Certificates — SKM Level 1 to 5 and serve as a reference point for all Malaysian national qualifications. MQF is an instrument that develops and classifies qualifications based on a set of criteria that are approved nationally and is at par with international good practices at the level of learning attained by the learners. This includes learning outcomes achieved and a credit system which is based on the learner's academic load.

All the qualifications in the framework are based upon four classifications which are: The table below indicates the various options and study pathways at tertiary level. For courses at public universities e. USM is a university with Apex status and is allowed by the ministry to recruit students directly. As such, students with pre-university qualifications who wish to pursue a bachelor's degree at USM will have to apply directly to USM. For courses at private higher educational institutions e.

There are a few intakes per year at Private HEI.

20 Public Universities in Malaysia

On 30 June , the prime minister announces further liberation moves including the dismantling of the Bumiputera equity quotas and repealing the guidelines of the Foreign Investment Committee, which was responsible to monitor foreign shareholding in Malaysian companies. However, any Malaysian companies that wishes to list in Malaysia would still need to offer 50 percent of public shareholding spread to Bumiputera investors.

The Malaysian government subsidises and controls prices on a lot of essential items to keep the prices low. Prices of items such as palm oil, cooking oil, petrol, flour, bread, rice and other essentials have been kept under market prices to keep cost of living low. Since , the government has been gradually reforming Malaysia's subsidy system, via a series of reductions in subsidies for fuel and sugar to improve government finances and to improve economic efficiency.

The government owns and operates several sovereign wealth funds that invest in local companies and also foreign companies. Another fund that is owned by the Malaysian government is the Employees Provident Fund which is a retirement fund that as of 31 March , has an asset size of RM billion. Permodalan Nasional Berhad is another major fund manager controlled by the Malaysian Government. It offers capital guaranteed mutual funds such as Amanah Saham Bumiputera and Amanah Saham Wawasan which are open only to Malaysian and in some cases, Bumiputeras.

Although the federal government promotes private enterprise and ownership in the economy, the economic direction of the country is heavily influenced by the government though five years development plans since independence. The economy is also influenced by the government through agencies such as the Economic Planning Unit and government-linked wealth funds such as Khazanah Nasional Berhad , Employees Provident Fund and Permodalan Nasional Berhad.

The government's development plans, called the Malaysian Plan, currently the Tenth Malaysia Plan , started in during the British colonial rule. Government-linked investment vehicles such as Khazanah Nasional Berhad , Employees Provident Fund and Permodalan Nasional Berhad invest in and sometimes own major companies in major sectors of the Malaysian economy. The following table shows the main economic indicators in — The only legal tender in Malaysia is the Malaysian ringgit.

The ringgit has not been internationalised since September , an effect due to the Asian financial crisis in which the central bank imposed capital controls on the currency, due to speculative short-selling of the ringgit. In recent years, Bank Negara Malaysia has begun to relax certain rules to the capital controls although the currency itself is still not traded internationally yet. According to the Bank Governor, the ringgit will be internationalised when it's ready.

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On September , in an interview with CNBC , Dato' Seri Najib Tun Razak , who is the then Prime Minister of Malaysia and also held the position of Finance Minister then, said that the government is open to open up the ringgit to off shore trading if the move will help the economy. He further added that before such a move can be made, it will ensure that rules and regulation will be in place so the currency will not be abused.

Malaysia is well-endowed with natural resources in areas such as agriculture, forestry and minerals. It is an exporter of natural and agricultural resources, the most valuable exported resource being petroleum. Croplands consists of Total renewable water resources make up cubic km as of Tin and petroleum are the two main mineral resources that are of major significance in the Malaysian economy.

Malaysia was once the world's largest producer of tin until the collapse of the tin market in the early s. It was only in that petroleum and natural gas took over from tin as the mainstay of the mineral extraction sector. Other minerals of some importance or significance include copper, bauxite, iron-ore and coal together with industrial minerals like clay, kaolin , silica , limestone , barite , phosphates and dimension stones such as granite as well as marble blocks and slabs. Small quantities of gold are produced.

Malaysia holds proven oil reserves of 4 billion barrels as of January , the fourth-highest reserves in Asia-Pacific after China, India, and Vietnam.

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Nearly all of Malaysia's oil comes from offshore fields. The continental shelf is divided into three producing basins: Most of the country's oil reserves are located in the Peninsular basin and tend to be light and sweet crude. Malaysia's benchmark crude oil, Tapis Blend, is a light and sweet crude oil, with an API gravity of Malaysia also holds 83 trillion cubic feet Tcf of proven natural gas reserves as of January , and was the third-largest natural gas reserve holder in the Asia-Pacific region after China and Indonesia. More than half of the country's natural gas reserves are located in its eastern areas, predominantly offshore Sarawak.

Most of Malaysia's gas reserves are associated with oil basins, although Sarawak and Sabah have an increasing amount of non-associated gas reserves that have offset some of the declines from mature oil and gas basins offshore Peninsular Malaysia. In , Malaysia's economy was one of the most competitive in the world, ranking 14th in the world and 5th for countries with a population of over 20 million, higher than countries like Australia , United Kingdom , South Korea and Japan.

According to a June report by the World Bank , Malaysia ranks 6th in the world in the Ease of doing business index , Malaysia's strengths in the ranking includes getting credit ranked 1st , protecting investors ranked 4th and doing trade across borders ranked 5th. The study ranks countries in all aspect of doing business. Malaysia is behind Singapore, Hong Kong and New Zealand in investor protection category of the survey.

The edition of the World Bank's 'Ease of doing business' report ranks Malaysia at 18 in the world, and the second in SE Asia - behind Singapore, but ahead of other regional powerhouses such as Thailand 49th in the world and Indonesia th in the world. The government is moving towards a more business friendly environment by setting up a special task force to facilitate business called PEMUDAH, which means "simplifier" in Malay.

PEMUDAH has been largely successful at facilitating a more business friendly environment, as reflected by the rank of Malaysia in the Ease of doing business index. Malaysia's largest trading partner is China. They also agreed to upgrade economic and financial co-operation, especially in the production of halal food, water processing and railway construction.

Malaysia's third largest trading partner is Japan, amounting RM Out of this, exports totalled RM He said Malaysia's main imports from Japan were electrical and electronics, machines and equipment as well as spare parts and accessories for vehicles and cars. Malaysia is an important trading partner for the United States. Malaysia was the United States' 10th-largest trading partner and its 12th-largest export market. Agriculture is now a minor sector of the Malaysian economy, accounting for 7.

The crops grown by the agricultural sector has also significantly shifted from food crops like paddy and coconut to industrial crops like palm oil and rubber , which in contributed to Despite its minor contribution to Malaysia's GDP, Malaysia has a significant foothold in the world's agricultural sector, being the world's second largest producer of palm oil in [89] producing Malaysia's industrial sector accounts for The industrial sector mostly contributed by the Electronics industry , Automotive industry and Construction industry.

Malaysia benefits from the global demand in the usage of mobile devices smartphones, tablets , storage devices cloud computing, data centres , optoelectronics photonics, fibre optics, LEDs and embedded technology integrated circuits , PCBs , LEDs. Exports of semiconductor devices were RM To date, there are more than 50 companies, largely MNCs producing semiconductors devices in Malaysia. In , Malaysia's total production capacity for solar wafers , solar cells and solar panels totalled 4, MW. Many international companies have the majority of production capacity located in Malaysia , such as the American company First Solar which has over 2, MW of production capacity located in Kulim and only MW located in Ohio , [97] and formerly German-based Hanwha Q Cells which produces 1, MW worth of solar cells in Cyberjaya while producing only MW worth of solar cells in Germany.

SunPower 's largest manufacturing facility with a capacity of 1, MW is also located in Malacca. The automotive industry in Malaysia consists of 27 vehicle producers and over component manufacturers. The Malaysian automotive industry is Southeast Asia's sole pioneer of indigenous car companies, namely Proton and Perodua.

In , Proton helped Malaysia become the 11th country in the world with the capability to fully design, engineer and manufacture cars from the ground up. Malaysia has a large construction industry of over RM The highest percentage share was contributed by construction of non-residential buildings which recorded This was followed by civil engineering sub-sector Selangor recorded the highest value of construction work done at The contribution of these five states accounted for Malaysia has a relatively new defence industry that was created after the government created the Malaysia Defence Industry Council to encourage local companies to participate in the country's defence sector in The company focuses on manufacturing armoured vehicles and specialised logistics vehicles.

The sea sector of the defence industry is dominated by Boustead Heavy Industries , who builds warships for the Royal Malaysian Navy RMN through transfer of technology with foreign companies. Kuala Lumpur has a large financial sector, and is ranked the 22nd in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index. Commercial banks are the largest and most significant providers of funds in the banking system. Malaysia is currently also the world's largest centre of Islamic Finance.

Tourism is a huge sector of the Malaysian economy, with over Total international tourist receipts increased by 3. Malaysia is rich with diverse natural attractions which become an asset to the country's tourism industry. Malaysia is reputed as one of the most preferred medical tourism destinations with modern private healthcare facilities and highly efficient medical professionals.

The Malaysian government targets to hit RM 9. Malaysia has a vibrant oil and gas industry. The national oil company, Petronas is ranked the 69th biggest company in the world in the Fortune list in , with a revenue of over US Petronas is also the custodian of oil and gas reserves for Malaysia. Hence, all oil and gas activities are regulated by Petronas.

Malaysia encourages foreign oil company participation through production sharing contracts, in which significant amount of oil will be given away to the foreign oil company until it reaches a production milestone. The infrastructure of Malaysia is one of the most developed in Asia. During the colonial period, development was mainly concentrated in economically powerful cities and in areas forming security concerns. Although rural areas have been the focus of great development, they still lag behind areas such as the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysia's energy infrastructure sector is largely dominated by Tenaga Nasional , the largest electric utility company in Southeast Asia , with over RM

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