Wyoming (Spanish Edition)
Contents:
What became southeastern Wyoming was part of the French Colony of Louisiana between and , when jurisdiction passed to the Spanish. Slavery was legal in Louisiana, under both the French and the Spanish at this time. However, the fact that slavery existed in Louisiana doesn't necessarily mean that the institution took root in Wyoming. Louisiana was a big place, so conditions that existed in St.
Louis and New Orleans did not necessarily translate to Wyoming. The purchase of Louisiana by the U. Louisiana Territory was open to slavery, and, as we know, Lewis and Clark brought at least one slave—York—with them on their journey up the Missouri. The Territory of Missouri, established in and encompassing what came to be Wyoming east of the Continental Divide, also permitted slavery. However, the Missouri Compromise of outlawed slavery north of 36 degrees, 30 minutes latitude in remaining portions of the former Louisiana Territory.
That settled the issue temporarily. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of erased the Missouri Compromise line and made slavery possible via the instrument of popular sovereignty. Later, the Civil War and 13th Amendment rendered that a moot point. We need to remember that while the institution of slavery ultimately focused on African Americans, largely working on plantations though certainly not entirely, particularly in the west , Native Americans were also enslaved.
The pictures are of actual artifacts from those collections and are used with permission of the museum. In addition to laying track and building maintenance centers, the railroads had extensive land grants to manage. As a building incentive, they had received from the federal government every other section ten or twenty miles deep along the each side of the right of way.
Some of these lands contained minerals, such as coal, iron and trona, which the railroads mined for their own use or for commercial or industrial needs. Railroads hoped to profit from remaining lands by encouraging settlement and development. To this end, they published brochures about government and railroad lands that were open to the public for sale or homesteading. These brochures had information about homesteading procedures, advice on crops and livestock, and sensational accounts and descriptions of the land itself. In addition to selling and developing western lands, the railroads also promoted western tourism.
A major attraction for Wyoming was Yellowstone National Park, and many railroads developed special tourist packages to the park. Besides Yellowstone, the railroads advertised dude ranches and western excursions emphasizing the colorful imagery and lifestyle of the American cowboy. To capture the tourist trade, the railroads needed the proper guidance and marketing to make it profitable. Thus, railroads as travel agents were born.
Brochures boasted about the many wondrous sights and activities travelers would encounter. To further entice tourists, railroads equipped passenger trains with sleeper, restaurant, and club cars. Expensive but well appointed Pullman cars were often more luxurious than middle class homes. By the turn of the century, leisure travel had become an American pastime, but for the most part, but it was expensive.
By the s, trips for all budgets were conceived and later, the railroads encouraged family vacations. One brochure shows families from different decades in dining cars watching the passing scenery, hinting that train travel was for all families and all ages. The railroads continued to provide these services throughout the west until the early 's when they finally succumbed to the combined competition of the airplane and automobile.
Strangely enough the railroad was the main carrier of automobiles throughout the United States during this period of declining passenger service and continues to haul the new automobiles. Even today, the railroad is the largest carrier of bulk freight. Wyoming still uses the railroad to ship its coal, agricultural products, and other goods and to carry manufactured goods into the state.
Slavery in Wyoming
The trucking industry has made inroads but the number one carrier is still the railroad. The Archives has several collections related to the railroad and its presence in Wyoming history. In Wyoming, water is an important natural resource. Throughout the state's history numerous state and federal efforts have been initiated to develop and control water resources and in turn, enhance development in the state. The most important legislation in this regard was the Carey Act. Passed by Congress in , it provided federal aid to Wyoming's irrigation projects and turned over millions of acres of arid federal lands to the state for reclamation and settlement.
By the turn of the century, irrigation projects constituted a major effort in the settlement of the state and the development of its agricultural resources. While Carey Act projects from this period are historically significant, so too is the reclamation work begun after World War II. The success of many projects rested upon mastering technical issues in engineering, financing, water rights, legislation, and construction. Yet, two important but often overlooked aspects were political in nature: Writing in , the manager of the Fremont Irrigation Company complained that the application processes had little changed since the turn of the century: There was a realization that the grand designs of one project could be detrimental to people with other interests.
Adrain Reynolds, editor of the Green River Star, stated that though valley was "our dust bowl at times" it could be with available water "one of our better ranching and farming areas. Some projects had built-in ironies. One was the Glendo project in the early s. According to Breck Moran, chief of resource development for the Natural Resource Board, "the real objection to Glendo lies in the destruction of lovely houses and ranches and human values, and the love felt for them, by people who have lived on them for many, many years.
The only consolation lies in the further fact that the resulting reservoir creates new beauties, new utilities, new human values. Not all water projects were successful, and some were tabled at the start. But by , the state engineer and the natural resource board could look back upon a successful period of reclamation in general.
State Engineer Floyd A.
Bishop thought that the Carey Act projects, initiated in Wyoming in , still had much potential in the postwar period. I suspect it has more potential than the State Land Board apparently thinks it has. Equally optimistic was Roy Beck, executive director of the Natural Resources Board, who believed that such work in Wyoming still had great potential. In , he commented to Ellis Armstong, commissioner of the Bureau of Reclamation, that with the Riverton Reauthorization Bill and the Seedskadee Project, "we can turn around the Reclamation program in Wyoming. Water management has long been and continues to be an important part of Wyoming's culture.
An exploration of water projects in the state is not strictly about engineering but about the cultural affect engineering has had upon the state. As such, she was the first woman in the country to be elected to a public office.
There is no argument about the important positions held by Morris and Ross. The problem is that by focusing on them, significant contributions by other women have all but been ignored.
Amazon Second Chance Pass it on, trade it in, give it a second life. He was again elected to the Territorial Council in , and to the office of Mayor of Cheyenne in Some visible reminders of the war were Spanish-American War veterans. As such, she was the first woman in the country to be elected to a public office. The problem is that by focusing on them, significant contributions by other women have all but been ignored.
But many other women justices of the peace have not been remembered in the pages of history. In the social axiom of the day where women were charged with caring for the home and children, these superintendents seemed to fill these rolls aptly. To say so is to patronize them, when instead their administrative abilities should be scrutinized. Women in history is not necessarily about women doing outstanding events but about women in mundane experiences of everyday life. Managing the home, caring for children, or teaching children have been long established, sometimes sexist, roles.
Yet over time, these roles have not remained the same. The family oriented woman has changed from the pioneer days, to the Victorian mother, the "Leave It to Beaver" mom of the s and the working mom of the s. There were women who found life hard and difficult due to their sex, race or economic class. Some turned to crime to sustain themselves. Leaving husbands or abandoning families was not an uncommon happening.
The reasons for taking such actions were rarely given, but a closer examination may reveal some insight into personal motives or temptations. At the far extreme were women who sought a release from life itself. In October , Josie Kepler was found dead in Dietz. Her death was attributed to an overdose of chloroform. For unknown reasons she was despondent with life and decided to end it.
After doctors pronounced her dead, her husband hugged and kissed his wife and cried for her. When the doctors discovered additional chloroform in the room, Kepler grabbed it and decided to take the last bit so that he would go too, but the doctors wrestled him down and administered medicine to cure him. The history of women in Wyoming cannot be represented by one women or a handful of women.
There are too many topics and too many characters involved. It was a short war, lasting three months. This April marks the th anniversary of the Spanish-American war. Florida is the only state that has opted to commemorate this historical event. This is not too surprising since Florida was the staging ground for military operations in the Caribbean and thus witnessed a sudden cultural transformation due to the influx of men and material within its borders. There is no reason Wyoming should ignore this centennial event.
Obviously, Wyoming is geographically far from Florida, the Caribbean, and the Philippines. Yet the war fever was just as strong here as anywhere else. Newspapers of the day echoed public sentiment and enthusiasm for war. Richards was flooded with requests from old and young Wyoming men who wanted to join in what they perceived to be a noble and exciting cause. After the fighting had ended abroad, remembrances of the war abounded in Wyoming. Regimental and general histories painted an uplifting picture about the military campaigns and the men who fought them.
It still stands at the corner of the Capital building. In , the state awarded medals to men who had served in the war. Some visible reminders of the war were Spanish-American War veterans. Patriotic parades soon featured veterans walking alongside Civil War veterans. For a while, veterans and camps were common social fixtures within some communities. Yet over time, their presence began to fade and eventually disappear from public view as the number of veterans dwindled.
In the early 's, as other camps dwindled away, Camp 22 in Cheyenne became Camp Number 5. According to its last minutes in , there were four members. In , Company I, J. Torrey Camp at Sheridan was abandoned following the death of its last member.
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Today the Spanish-American War has become but a footnote in Wyoming history. Yet, that history is not entirely lost. It is a history worth rediscovering during this centennial year. Women contributed in to the growth of Wyoming in a variety of fields. Only a few professions were open to women of good character and one of the most common was teaching. Teaching was honorable, it paid surprisingly well, and it created for women a position of respect in the community.
The number of women who chose this profession grew with each year as the growing population demanded teachers for their children. Even though women were considered "scarce" among the general population they disproportionately filled the ranks of teachers. There is some evidence that a single female teacher was given preference over a man with the same skills. Interestingly, this stereo type of the single white female "school marm" overseeing the multi-class one room school house, was solidly based in fact.
The women who taught these schools had varied backgrounds. Many of them came to Wyoming from the east specifically to accept a teaching position. Others drifted into teaching, often after the death of a spouse or father.
Perhaps the most interesting were the 16 or 17 year old young women who became the teachers for their own classrooms when their teacher moved on or married. Often in such a case a young woman near graduation was asked to take the job replacing her own teacher. This became fairly common as the scarcity of women led to frequent marriages. Since many areas demanded the teacher be unmarried, every marriage depleted the ranks of women teachers.
The cultural situation that provided these teachers was the combination of limited "suitable" employment for women and the relative desirability of teacher compared to cooking, washing, domestic servitude, or clerking which were often the only other jobs open to women. Homesteading was of course open to women and many of the teaching pool were homesteaders needing the extra funds that teaching could provide.
Teaching also conferred an independence and resulting higher status than seamstressing or the other "proper" jobs for women. In her own school or even classroom the individual woman ruled, usually with the complete support of the community. She also gained an acceptable income that unlike the other well paying independent means of living, like prostitution, acting, or running a business, did not reflect badly on the women or her moral character.
Monetary need contributed greatly to the picture as the occasional married woman or older daughter or widower took to teaching to help the family budget. The impact of teachers crossed over into the tolerance of suffrage for women in Wyoming and soon resulted in greater rights for women and increased female participation in the jury and election process. Schools themselves offered a broad appeal to the growing pioneer community.
They were the central producer of community education, culture, and identity. Since the teacher was often one of the most educated persons in the community, they were often consulted by community leaders on social and cultural concerns. Through the schools the children were both indoctrinated in the current culture and given the goals to improve themselves and future generations.
More and more the western society depended on these single and often very young women to overcome all her difficulties and teach the youth how to overcome theirs. The contribution that they made continues to be readily evident in the advances that this education has provided our western society. The following links provide access to articles written about five of Wyoming's most famous residents.
Warren, all of whom had a significant impact on the history of Wyoming. Follow the links below to read about each of these individuals and the contributions they made to Wyoming. Name Photo Information William F. Cody was born on February 26, near Leclair, Iowa. In his family moved to settle on lands in what would soon be Kansas Territory. William soon obtained a job as a messenger boy for Majors and Russell, who had a company store at Leavenworth, Kansas.
In the next three years, William would try his hand at prospecting during the Pikes Peak gold rush, and at trapping. Neither ventures proved to be very successful. In , the partnership of Russell, Majors, and Waddell, in an effort to advertise and obtain a contract for a central route for mail to the Pacific, began the Pony Express. Cody, already acquainted with the principals in this partnership, was hired as a rider.
The Pony Express operated from April 3, to November 18, The venture operated at a loss and failed to bring the desired contract to Cody? Shortly thereafter, in February, , he enlisted in the 7th Kansas Cavalry, apparently influenced by friends and alcohol. He served 19 months, including one year of active duty. After his discharge, Cody married Louisa Frederici on March 6, The following year Cody was hired by the Kansas Pacific Railroad to kill buffalo to feed track layers for eight months.
"Wyoming" in Spanish
This job apparently was the source of the nickname that would become known virtually worldwide: Later Cody distinguished himself as a scout for the U. This paved the way for the scout to become an established position in the Army during the years of the Indian wars. Cody was made chief scout of the 5th Cavalry by General Sheridan in October, Then in he was assigned to guide the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia on a hunting trip. This experience was followed by his first trip to the eastern states.
He attended a play about himself and was talked into taking part in the performance. Thus began a period of years when Cody alternated between scouting duties and theatrical tours. However, his name was stricken from the record of Medal of Honor recipients in , since we was a civilian, and considered not eligible for the award. This was a propitious time for such an effort by Cody and his partners, during the height of popularity for outdoor shows such as circuses.
The show in various forms would tour the United States and Europe for three decades. He was never an officer in the U. Cody became interested in developing the Big Horn Basin in Wyoming in the s. The water project led to the building of the Shoshone Dam, which was completed in Buffalo Bill was also instrumental in bringing a rail line to the town of Cody in Cody died January 10, while staying in Denver, Colorado. He is buried on Lookout Mountain, west of Denver. University of Oklahoma Press, However, her role in promoting suffrage legislation in the territory has been disputed.
Although the legislation was received with some humor, it was seriously considered and did pass. The bill was signed into law by Governor John A. Campbell, thus according the young territory immediate fame as the first government to grant women the right to vote in all public elections. Morris was selected to complete the term of the South Pass City justice, who had resigned. She is the only one of the three appointees known to have served, thereby winning accord as the first woman to hold a judicial position. In later years, following the death of her husband, Morris lived with her sons.
She died in in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Bright, who introduced the bill. A story that Morris had obtained a promise from Bright, also a South Pass City resident, at a tea party to introduce the suffrage bill surfaced decades after the fact and has been commonly repeated. Her statue was presented in In , a replica of this statue was placed in front of the Wyoming State Capitol Building.
History of Wyoming, 2nd edition, revised.
University of Nebraska Press, According to her headstone and obituary, she was born on August 4, , but several respected early 20th century Wyoming historians have used August 8, and this was the date used on the statue currently displayed in the National Statuary Hall and in front of the Wyoming State Capitol Building. August also appears on her US Census entry, though other censuses seem to indicate either or Ross was an avid supporter of her husband. When he died in office in October, , the Secretary of State, as Acting Governor, called for a special election. The Democratic party nominated Mrs.
She initially declined, but upon reflection accepted the nomination. Ross won the election handily and became the first woman governor in the United States when she was inaugurated 16 days before Miriam A. She served from January 5, to January 3, , losing a bid for reelection. Following her defeat Mrs.
"Wyoming" in English
Ross continued to be a much sought speaker. She campaigned extensively for Franklin D. Following his inauguration in , Roosevelt appointed Mrs. Ross to the position of Director of the United States Mint, a position she held until After her retirement she continued to reside in Washington, D. She died in at the age of Interment was in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The surviving story of how Washakie became associated with the Shoshones relates that the Flathead village in which his family was living was attacked by Blackfeet Indians.
The surviving villagers scattered. He and a sister remained with the Lemhis even after their mother and other family members rejoined the Flatheads. Washakie later joined the Bannocks, a tribe hostile to white men. He lived with them five years before joining the Green River Snake Indians, who had peaceful relations with whites.
Washakie became a noted warrior. Although the name by which he would be widely known has been translated in various ways, it apparently dealt with his tactics in battle. One story describes how Washakie devised a large rattle by placing stones in an inflated and dried balloon of buffalo hide which he tied on a stick. By Washakie was head chief of the Shoshones, apparently earning the position by his deeds in battle and wise counsel, though there is no record to show exactly when and under what conditions the decision was made.
It is thought that the various Shoshone tribes may have united under one chief to deal with threats by hostile tribes, such as the Sioux and Cheyenne.
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Washakie became an ally of white men, deciding early that warfare was pointless and a policy of adaptation and mutual assistance should be followed. Army operations, with military forces and advice, against hostile tribes, particularly the Sioux and Cheyenne. Washakie granted right-of-way through Shoshone land in western Wyoming to the Union Pacific Railroad, aiding the completion of a coast-to-coast rail line. The Shoshone chief also sought the best for his people, requesting schools, churches, and hospitals on Shoshone lands. In , Washakie ceded lands bounding mineral hot springs near Thermopolis for public use, requesting that a portion of the waters be set aside for free use by people of all races.
The famed leader and warrior died on February 20, He was buried with full military honors at Fort Washakie. He was a member of the Cheyenne City Council in and In Warren was also elected to the Council of the Territorial Assembly. The Council elected him as their president. Warren was appointed to two terms as Territorial Treasurer. He was again elected to the Territorial Council in , and to the office of Mayor of Cheyenne in In the same year, he was appointed by President Chester Arthur to fill the unexpired term of governor William Hale.
A second appointment as governor was made by President Benjamin Harrison in Pershing, and three granddaughters died in a fire at the Presidio in San Francisco.