Victims of the Village Wantons

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Victims of the Village Wantons

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Journal of a Submissive Husband: Jason's Story Volume 2. The murder of children was treated in a separate section that included four witnesses. According to the most famous of them, Avrom Sutzkever, nine witnesses were selected to be seated in the plane. In addition to Sutzkever himself, four witnesses actually testified at Nuremberg: The former was already a bit of celebrity by He was one of the few escapees of the commando that had taken part in the incineration of the corpses at Babi Yar in and had succeeded in escaping the German death sentence, the usual fate for those who had been selected among the Syrets camp inmates for this task.

Budnik, as Berliant, Davydov, Brodskii and Steiuk, had been interrogated several times by Soviet authorities since the liberation of Kiev and, as mentioned above, had been selected to testify at Nuremberg in various drafts. Davydov had been especially honored to tell their story to Khrushchev, few days after the liberation of the city, and to show him all the sites where German atrocities took place in Kiev.

Sutzkever, again, relates in his diary that he waited for days, not knowing whether he would be called to testify and in which language. The reasons for this uncertainty are not clear: And the fact that, although he was in the corridors of the Nuremberg Tribunal, Sutzkever was the only one to testify concerning the ordeal of Soviet Jews constitutes a choice that demands further investigation. The massacre had also been made public during the January, Kiev trial see below , not to mention through the publication of poems by Jewish writers up until the year The staging of public trials against foreign, mostly German, POWs, both in tandem with the Nuremberg trial and again at the end of , provided a new opportunity to advertise the atrocities committed on occupied Soviet territories.

Eighteen public trials against war criminals were held in the Soviet Union between late and late concerning POWs.

Victims of the Village Wantons - Anonymous - Google Книги

The widely publicized Kharkov trial constituted the first major attempt by the Soviets to implement the Allied declaration according to which second-order war criminals should be tried in the countries where they had committed war crimes. However, further trials of this kind were not held in the Soviet Union before the end of the war.

Advertised by the press, these trials were also the subject of a number of publications 96 and showed evidence of being driven by a clear overall politico-educational objective. The public was clearly supposed to represent Soviet society, including priests. Press and radio coverage as well as meetings in factories, universities, and in the countryside allowed stories of the atrocities to spread far beyond the people attending the actual trial and demonstrated the severe treatment of war criminals by the Soviet state, backed by formal legal proceedings.

This qualification of the crimes was explicitly based on the indictment counts drawn up by the Allies in preparation for Nuremberg. As a consequence, the particular fate of Soviet Jews appears clearly in the show trials of , in obvious contrast with the quasi-silence during the war-time trials, which were marked by a tendency to universalize the identity of Soviet victims.

The policy of burning thousands of Soviet villages to the ground thus received even more extensive coverage than during the trials. In fact, the policy of incinerating villages was characterized as part of a policy of total destruction that was not limited to rural areas. The denunciation of the violence perpetrated against civilians through the destruction of their villages played a vastly more important role than during the Nuremburg trials, as well as the facts that were related primarily to the end of the occupation.

One of the primary defendants, Remlinger, the military commander of Pskov from September, to February, , was said to have confessed that. All villages, towns, cities were to be set on fire and subjected to explosive devices. On the order of Remlinger, the German officer of the Feldkomandantur in the territory of the Karamyshevskii district, Gruns, and the chief of the Feldgendarmerie, Max, when the Red Army was going closer, set villages on fire and deported by force the population to fascist hard labor katorga in Germany. On February 27, , Soviet citizens who refused to go to Germany — people, exclusively elderly people, women, and children — were gathered in the houses of the village of Pikhalia and burned.

Those who tried to escape through the windows were shot. There were a number of indications that this practice was widespread, particularly the total number of villages destroyed and of villagers killed and deported for the region as a whole, or for certain districts.

The testimonies of survivors also provided many examples, further reinforced by the sheer scale of destruction that each defendant hah had inflicted.

For instance, one defendant claimed that he had been personally involved in the arson of more than twenty villages in the region of Leningrad. The war against the partisans had been conducted up until the actual final German withdrawal. As a consequence, the combination of the policy of destruction in the partisan areas and the evacuation and scorched-earth policies produced an orgy of violence against Soviet villagers in the final months of the occupation.

I personally shot, more or less, people. As mentioned earlier, the genocide against the Jews was explicitly denounced in Soviet publications connected to both Nuremberg and Soviet public trials. However, the evocation of the mass killings of Jews did not follow exactly the same pattern in every city in which major show trials took place.

In the Minsk trial, the proportion of Jewish victims among the civilians killed in Belorussia during the occupation was never mentioned, although the numerous examples of mass killings that did explicitly concerned Jews that were evoked during the proceedings listed dizzying numbers of victims although the mass killings that were mentioned were far from representing the total number, and many figures were inaccurate. The public attorney asked him:.

You went from one locality to another. Did you have a special task, to go from city to another and destroy the Jewish population? The extermination of other minorities was also very clearly mentioned, including the extermination of all of the Gypsies in the Baltic region, which was proclaimed several times at the Riga trial and was also mentioned, although only briefly, at the Minsk trial. Several defendants were accused of participating in them, some of whom explained that they were not guilty while not denying that the slaughter had taken place early in the occupation, i.

The most wellknown witness was Dina Pronicheva, a survivor of the massacre who recounted a long story about what she had seen and experienced that made it abundantly clear that the victims had been Jewish.

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Along with Pronicheva, he was quoted in the final indictment by the prosecutor. The prosecutor at the Riga show trial tied this practice explicitly to the past history of the area, which had previously been ruled by the Teutonic knights, and quoted a chronicle: They killed most of the men and took the women and children prisoner. This assertion extended beyond repeated demonstrations during the trials that almost all of the victims of the operation were civilians.

The following dialogue between the Soviet prosecutor and the German defendant Herf at the Minsk trial emphasized this point:. During the opening of the trial, you made the statement that Kube had told you in detail how Himmler had given the order to the chief of the general staff for the fighting against partisans, Bach, to destroy in occupied Soviet territories 20 million Russians, and that this should considerably diminish the activity of the partisan movement.

Himmler gave the order to Bach to destroy 20 million Russians, and Bach himself said that it was unavoidable to destroy not 20 million, but more, 30 million people. What was the goal of such massive destruction of the Soviet population? From on, Himmler stated that Urals should belong to the Germans and that, to the West of Urals, we had to ensure that no Russian would remain.

Confessions were extracted using a variety of methods in these completely orchestrated trials. The localities through which the SS Division retreated provided an extraordinary picture of savage destruction. The picture of these crimes was so monstrous that one could believe that the whole earth was burning. This movement to resuscitate memories of the war found particularly powerful expression in the construction of memorials.

Indeed, the representation of these many other villages is a distinct feature of this memorial site, which still occupies a central place in post-Soviet Belorussian national consciousness. Even when Soviet leaders eventually decided to erect a monument to Babi Yar victims in on a site that had become nearly unrecognizable since the war, the Jewish identity of most of the victims was concealed, even though it had become an informal gathering place for Jewish Soviet citizens ever since the end of the war.

Indeed, Khatyn is the best-known and most visited Belorussian memorial, and the Belorussian countryside is dotted with other local memorials of various sizes, shapes, and ages. However, the launching of this project is symptomatic of the enduring anxiety of being forgotten. It can be explained by the prevailing idea that the list of burned villages remains incomplete. However, this movement to memorialize above all reflects post-Soviet frustration with Western memory of the war in the East.

Since the end of the s in Belorussia, like in other post-Soviet countries, foreign and local Jewish associations have begun to fund memorials in areas in which Jews had been exterminated.

It is also the only way in which a depoliticized approach to documenting these monstrous historical episodes can be achieved. Such an approach is critical to increasing our understanding of these mass crimes against a civilian population that, while neglected in the West, has been instrumentalized in the East.

Champ Vallon, , The book was first published in Belorussian in Minsk in , then in Russian in , with several translations, including English — Out of the Fire M.: It is an icon of perestroika , among other films that presented a fresh interpretation of the Soviet past. Indeed, several aspects of the film explain the censorship to which it was subjected. Bilanz einer Debatte Munich: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, , , Hamburger Edition, , Die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtungspolitik in Weissrussland, bis Hamburg: La brigade Dirlewanger P.: Perrin, , , In their report, which was quoted and reproduced several times, German perpetrators claimed 33, Jewish victims.

Dokumente der Einsatzgruppen in der Sowjetunion , 1, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, , This document has been quoted several times. Statements of the Sovinformburo were spread in various publications.

List of events named massacres

This statement is quoted, for example, in Chudovishchnye zverstva nemetskikh fashistov , vyp. Foreign Languages Publishing House, , In this speech, Stalin called the Nazi regime a true copy of the tsarist regime and claimed: Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde , The Soviet Partisan Movement in North-West Russia, Routledge, NY, , , mentions that during anti-partisan operations in , whole villages were razed in the region of Leningrad.

For example, st Security Division razed 23 villages of undisclosed size to the ground between November 30 and December 7, Studies in Ukraine and the World], 1 On the operation Winterzauber from the point of view of German sources, see Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde , , See also a series of coded telegrams sent by the Soviet partisans from the area of Osveia in Kirillova, Selemenev, eds.

There were about corpses, they were difficult to identify since they were all burned. Kniga narodnoi pamiati Minsk: As chief historian of war crimes and crimes against humanity in the Canadian Justice department, Ruth Bettina Birn is particularly swayed by reliable pieces of evidence. On the important proportion of victims killed by fire — a deduction based on the scarcity of cartridges and projectiles found at the scene by Soviet investigators, see also Ingrao, Les chasseurs noirs , , who quotes witnesses and Soviet reports that were transmitted to German judicial authorities.

The official report of this commission added the following point: Exploitation and Annihilation, New York: Berghahn Books, , Then they were taken to Latvia into slavery and died from unsustainable labor and unbearable living conditions. Voronina Elena and Voronina Olimpiada were young children and died from disease as well. Mythos und Wirklichkeit , Paderborn: Oldenbourg Verlag, , , see in particular A Personal Memoir London: Bloomsbury, , , , For his positive view on A.

In most recent scholarship however, the impact of Nuremberg and subsequent trials on the understanding of the Holocaust has been examined far more critically. See in particular Donald Bloxham, Genocide on Trial: Concerning the Soviet Union, see in particular excerpts from the Einsatzgruppen reports discovered in

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