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Cho had prepared for his rampage, having bought two semi-automatic pistols this year. John Markell is the gunshop owner in nearby Roanoke who 38 days ago sold Cho the nine-millimetre Glock semi-automatic pistol that killed most of his victims. How do I feel now? I can't begin to describe how I feel. One death would have been one death too many.
But this, this is just terrible, beyond words. The other gun, a. Cho's family — mother, father and older sister — migrated from South Korea in , when Cho was eight, to escape a poor life. They are said to be in hiding, leaving behind their dry-cleaning business. Cho was a silent and withdrawn man, struck dumb whenever anyone tried to talk to him. He hung no pictures, posters or decorations on his walls.
Several Korean youths who knew Cho in his high school days said he was a fan of violent video games.
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Julie Pool, a fellow English literature student, said that last year, when the class gathered for the first time to start a course on British writers, the 30 students were asked to introduce themselves. Cho remained silent and later, she said, he signed the class list with a question mark. We just knew him as the question-mark kid. Lucinda Roy, the university's creative writing director, did not find anything to joke about in Cho's work.
She warned university police and officials about him, and urged counselling. When told that nothing could be done because Cho had committed no offences, she volunteered to supervise his work.
Troubled tales from a murderous mind. Almost all inflections followed the same rules. The past participle and progressive verb all shared the same root word. Irregular forms of adjectives periphrastic —more, most were also scrapped. Inflectional suffixes in Standard English serve the purpose to form grammatical variants of the same word, often with the result of moving a word from one syntactic category to another. Pronouns, the relatives, the demonstrative adjectives and the auxiliary verbs were still permitted to inflect irregularly under this system.
These words are what are needed for everyday life, the most common. For example things such as: A vocabulary is composed almost entirely of words that already exist in the English language, but for two differences: It appears that semantic variation is particularly important to control in Newspeak. The construction of these words was for political purposes.
These words were deliberately constructed for political implication.
The B words were in all cases compound words. Two or more words, or portions of words, welded together. Orwell wrote several essays on the use of the English Language, a literary journey which led to his deconstruction of such a language within the novel. It is essentially a simplified subset of regular English. It gained greatest support after the allied victory in World War II, with the aim to bring worldwide peace through language. Wells depicted Basic English as the lingua franca that succeeds in uniting the world and establishing a totalitarian world government.
With an oppressive government comes an oppressive language. Orwell creates a language, or rather, deconstructs a language, with the purpose to diminish as many of the lexical choices as possible. In the following paragraphs we are going to study more closely different examples and how these differ from lexical innovation in the history of English. This differs from the grammatical rule imposed in Standard English. In English, whether a word takes prefix un- or in- to provide negation as a general rule depends on the etymology of each root word.
For example, words take un- When they are of English Germanic origin, and in- if they originate from Latin. Throughout history there has been a clash of each prefix use.
For example, for several centuries English had both inability and unability , with the latter falling out of use in the sixteenth century, lacking an obvious reason for doing so. For example, inarguable and unarguable are both grammatically sound in Standard English. Confusingly, some adjectives and nouns have different prefixes.
The vernacular created by Orwell builds on the deviation of prefixes from Latinate root words. This could likely be linked to the patriotism of Ingsoc English Socialism — using only the prefix associated with the Germanic root. This fictional system does, however, raise an interesting query. Evidence suggests Orwell used these patches of inconsistency in the English grammatical system to build the foundation for Newspeak.
Another case of confusion is the case of inflammable , which from a logical perspective one might suspect that it refers to an object that is fire-proof. However, the word comes from Latin inflammare , which uses an —in prefix that intensifies the root word. Therefore, there could be no warm but only uncold. When decided which antonym to keep, the one with the more unpleasant nuance is selected to encourage depressive thought and pessimism amongst unorthodox speakers.
However, the totalitarian party occasionally allowed a positive term to be preceded by un-. Let us take another example: Intuition relates to a scenario where one aquires knowledge without the use of reason.
Orwell has taken an idiom, with it a plethora of emotions and historical baggage, and created a singular lexical item out of it. The general belief is that through less expressive language, the singular lexical items became more powerful, which is an interesting concept. Other types of lexical innovation exampled in Newspeak involve simpler clipped forms. In Standard English clipped forms are apparent and accepted, although there is a correlation with between a shortened form and colloquial language: Here are two similarly constructed examples:.
Newspeak focuses on the regularisation of vocabulary to decrease the range of ways people would have of criticising the totalitarian state. Linguists like David Crystal, however, have thoroughly researched the topic.
Crystal refers not only to new abbreviated lexical items, but to the dramatic rate in which technology based neologisms have been produced in the last decade. He also argues that not only does text-speak not decrease literary finesse, it increases and encourages it.
Newspeak focuses on the regularisation of vocabulary to decrease the range of ways people would have of criticising the totalitarian state. The first, Orwell states, is that different parts of speech are almost entirely interchangeable. In this way, once Old Speak Standard English was forgotten; a heretical thought would not be possible, as Newspeak just simple does not cater for it. Poetry and short stories intended to comfort readers that struggle with mental illnesses and open the minds of those who don't understand what it's like to live with mental illnesses. Huaijun was a calm and collected man, so who exactly did he think Lin Yi was for him to react so violently, right in front of Lingshan, even? Newspeak Grammar Newspeak grammar differs from Standard English in two distinct ways.
There was, in the past, more of an ergonomic value to abbreviating so many words when sending an SMS, however with almost every mobile-phone user on some kind of contract now that grants more texts than they could possibly ever use, abbreviation has already become less commonplace. In addition to creating his own word class, a mixture of nouns and verbs noun-verbs , Orwell altered and simplified the grammatical rules in place in Standard English. We arrived as the first support was finishing up.
As one would expect. A core of adolescents sporting a mixture of bright hair, tattoos, piercings, skinny jeans and short-shorts — spattered by a selection of grizzled veterans, mostly male and over forty, either those that have always had a taste for well performed live music or those that managed to stay up-to-date enough with pop-culture to be genuine fans.
Princess Pavilions, where the event was staged, is not a large venue with capacity at perhaps in the main hall. Guitarist Liam Clewlow, in similar creative vein, took advantage of the innocuously positioned boxes that lay directly right of the stage. He clambered skywards, in a possible tribute to King Kong, swinging his guitar around his head like a discus thrower and howling like some injured animal — miraculously never missing a note. Enter Shikari reek of passion.