La llave de todos los tesoros. La Tesorería General de Carlos III (Spanish Edition)

Vida y obras de don Diego Velázquez by Jacinto Octavio Picón

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International Public Credit The collapse of the Spanish state at the beginning of the nineteenth century would seem to bear out this view of the limitations of Spain's absolutist state, and this historical school of thought presents the eighteenth century as the last episode in a long history of decline that is directly linked to the failure of the sixteenth- century Spanish imperial absolutist monarchy. This study provides a different perspective, suggesting that in fact during the eighteenth century, Spain's fiscal-military state was reconstructed and grew. It shows how the development of the Spanish fiscal-military state was based on different growth factors to those of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; and that with this change, most of the state's structure and its relationship with elites and taxpayers altered irrevocably.

In the ceaseless search for solutions, the Spanish state applied a wide range of financial and fiscal policies to expand its empire.

The research in this book is inspired by current historical discussions, and provides a new perspective on the historical debate that often compares English 'success' with continental 'failure'. His main study area is eighteenth-century Spanish warfare and its interconnection with the development of the state and its economy. In , Henry B. Congress from Texas since statehood.

He served as a Congressional Representative from to the 87th to the th Congresses. With the ratification of the 24th Amendment on January 23, , the U. Congress helped to bring an end to the Texas poll tax, which had been adopted early in the century. Stating that the right of citizens to vote "shall not be denied or abridged… by reason of failure to pay any poll tax," the Amendment laid the legal foundation for ending the tax.

For two more years, the poll tax was still charged in Texas state and local elections. For this reason, different ballots had to be provided for voters qualified for all elections and for those voting only in federal elections. But, early in , the Supreme Court held Virginia's poll tax to be unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment. This ruling judicially invalidated the poll tax for all state and local elections. The signing of the "Voting Rights Act of " by President Johnson in took steps to eliminate any "standard, practice, or procedure," including redistricting plans, which resulted in "denial or abridgement of the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.

Kika de la Garza After serving six consecutive terms as a representative in Austin, Eligio "Kika" de la Garza born was elected in to the U. When the 89th Congress convened in , Representative de la Garza took his seat as a Democrat, effectively ending a thirteen-year career in the Texas House of Representatives. Kika would served in Congress from January 3, until the January 3, the 89th to th Congresses.

He would serve his state in the Congress for two decades through the 91st to th Congresses January 3, to January 3, A New Decade the s The s represented new opportunities for Chicano candidates. The beginning of true Hispanic representation would be established during these years. In , California had a total population of 19,, persons. Of this total, 2,, were Hispanics, who made up A significant number of the foreign-born residents had never been naturalized and were therefore ineligible for American voting privileges. This represented a significant stumbling block in electing Chicanos to Congress.

As a result, Edward Roybal represented the only Chicano sitting among the 43 California Representatives in Congress after the reapportionment. In , Texas had only two representatives: Senator Montoya would continue to serve his state as Senator from the 87th to 91st Congresses November 3, to January 3, During the s, New York elected its first Hispanic Representative. In , Herman Badillo born became the first Congressman born in Puerto Rico to represent a district in the continental United States. In Badillo was elected to the U.

He won with eighty-four percent of the vote and was reelected to the three succeeding Congresses, each time with an impressive percentage of the vote. Congressman Badillo would serve as Representative for his district from the 92nd to 95th Congresses January 3, to December 31, In , sixteen years after Edward Roybal had first entered the Congress, a second Hispanic representative was elected to represent his constituency in the House of Representatives.

In , Coelho was elected to the U. House of Representatives from California's 15th District. In his first general election he received sixty percent of the vote and was subsequently reelected five times. Coelho's career would last more than a decade from January 3, until his resignation on June 15, The s According to the census, Hispanic Americans increased their numbers to 14,, persons at the turn of the decade and now represented 6.

Even as their numbers began to increase, however, their political representation in the subsequent years would see only small strides. But even with these significant demographic changes of recent decades, only two of Texas' 24 Representative seats in Congress were occupied by Tejanos: With the reapportionment, the number of Texas Representatives to Congress would increase to A special election to fill his position brought Robert Garcia born , a Bronx native, to Congress. Garcia won his first election with fifty-five percent of the vote and would win reelection with high percentages of the vote in his next six elections.

He would serve his constituency from the 95th to the st Congresses February 14, to January 7, Through this organization, the founders hoped to monitor legislative actions affecting the Latino population and to bring a greater awareness to Latino Americans of the operations and functions of the American political system.

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In October , the CHC became a non-profit, fund-raising organization known by a new name: In the Board of Directors of the CHCI was expanded to include influential Hispanic business people from the private sector and community leaders from across the country who, in conjunction with the Hispanic Members of Congress, were able to bring policy-related knowledge and experience from the local, state, and national levels to the Institute.

This coalition of business and political resources created programs that were designed to offer leadership development training for talented young Hispanics. Redistricting in California In California, the Chicano population numbered 4,, individuals and now represented In spite of these steadily increasing numbers, California's forty-three seats in the House of Representatives were occupied by only two Hispanics: Roybal and Anthony Lee Coelho. The effect of California's rapid population growth finally yielded results for the Chicano population in elections.

After the reapportionment of , California qualified for the addition of two more Congressional seats by virtue of the returns from the census schedules. With the addition of two new "open" districts, California's delegation to Congress increased to 45 seats. In addition, the restructuring of other districts and the retirement of one Congressman opened up the possibility of bringing several new Chicano Representatives to Washington, D.

With Richard Alatorre as the head of the Assembly Committee with the task of drawing the new district lines, the Latino community seemed assured of at least one more congressional position.

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As it turned out, the reapportionment paved the way for two more Chicano Congressman to take their seats in Washington. Both Representatives Martinez and Torres joined longtime U. Texas For Texas, the number of seats in the House of Representatives was increased from 24 to 27 with the next reapportionment. The primary beneficiary of this increase was Solomon P. Ortiz born , a native of Corpus Christi, who came to Congress representing the Texas 27th District in Ortiz was followed two years later by Albert G.

Bustamante, a Democrat representing the 23rd District. Educated in Florida, Ros-Lehtinen began her political career in when she was elected to the Florida House of Representatives, becoming the first Hispanic woman elected to Florida's State legislature. She served until , when she became a State Senator. Then, in , Ros-Lehtinen was elected to the U. House of Representatives in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Claude D. Representative Ros-Lehtinen represented Florida's 18th District where, according to the census, sixty-seven percent of the population was Hispanic.

Ros-Lehtinen was the first Hispanic elected to represent Florida in years and she had the distinction of also being the first Cuban-American and the first Latino woman to serve in the United States Congress. The s From the st Congress in to the th Congress in , the representation of Latinos in Congress increased from 11 to The increase in political representation, which was also manifested in several state legislatures, took place as qualified Latino candidates stepped forward to run for offices in states where they had previously held little or no political power.

In most cases, these candidates won elections by developing coalitions that crossed ethnic and racial lines. At a young age, he had moved to Union City, where he served as a member of the Board of Education and as Mayor. Before the election, nineteen Congressional Representatives served from seven states: Fifteen of the nineteen Representatives were Democrats, while four were Republicans.

However, by the time the votes had been tallied up from the General Election, it became apparent that Latino representation in Congress would remain at 19, with no significant gains by the group. After the November 5, General Election, Latino representation in Congress would increase from 19 to Although Hispanic representation in Congress would remain confined to seven states, those states saw an increase in Latino representation: The Election of November The Election of November 2, represented a watershed in Latino political representation, as it brought two Hispanic Senators into that house of Congress, which had not seen a Latino in its chambers since Joseph Montoya had left office in A fifth-generation Coloradan, Ken Salazar had served as Colorado's Attorney General for six years before running for the office of Senator.

Senator from the State of Florida. Ironically, New Mexico, which had been represented in Congress by Latinos frequently between and , had no Hispanic representation in either the Senate or the House. In both California and Texas, all of the incumbents had held onto their seats. Overall, Latino representation in the U. Congress reached its highest point in history, with the following numbers: It has not yet replaced English, but increasingly, Spanish is becoming a requirement to work in the halls and make laws on the floor of the US Congress.

With a few prominent senators daring to address their colleagues in Spanish, others taking Spanish lessons, and many more legislators adding Spanish speakers to their communications teams, the language spoken by the largest minority group in the United States has a solid foothold in the halls of power here. It is a phenomenom that reflects the demographic, cultural and political reality of the country," said Michael Shifter of Inter-American Dialogue, a Washington-based research institute. Shifter jokes that "Soon no one will speak English in Congress.

The spread of Spanish inside the buildings of Congress has been going on for five or six years, said Fabiola Rodriguez, director for Spanish media in the office of Senate minority leader Harry Reid. Rodriguez, whose post was created at the beginning of this year, said the embrace of Spanish follows the sharp growth of the US Latino population and of Spanish-language media. Alejandro Burgos, who has been responsible for Spanish language communications for the Republican Party for just over a year, said "the future of our party depends in a great part on our skill in attracting more Hispanics.

Bush in the election, Burgos said. Bush received between 35 percent and 45 percent of the Hispanic vote, and Burgos does not conceal his determination to increase that share. Like Frist, a number of legislators like Democrats Hillary Clinton and John Kerry have hired bilingual communications assistants, producing more official communications in Spanish and holding bilingual press conferences inside Congress.

Spanish has made its way onto the floors of the Senate and House of Representatives, where the many elected Latinos speak among themselves in their original language. Shrugging off the public criticisms Martinez reaped for not limiting his speeches to English, Salazar said he was determined to continue Spanish oration.

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Introducing my first interview in what I hope to be a long series. My first choice was to interview Mimi Lozano and I'm glad to say that interview is now available. I hope to produce at least one interview per month in the minute time range. If you are new to Podcasting I would suggest the following web site: Some might think this is highly technical but it isn't and all you have to do is work through a few steps to do it right. What follows are 3 ways to listen to these interviews. There is room here for others to begin their own informational series of podcasts on Hispanic Genealogy or on whatever subject you feel would uplift the community.

This was a fun interview. Joseph did a great job as an interviewer, keeping me on track and editing those oops out of the interview. The concept of podcasts certainly opens creative doors. Go for the Gold with a Good Education http: Hispanics, advertisers, publishers and cable television networks are discovering it is best to speak to them in their own language--English.

Spanish may be the dominant language of Latinos, the fastest-growing ethnic group in the country. However, for bilingual, better-educated young Hispanics, English increasingly is the media language of choice. In response, a new crop of English-language television networks, radio stations and magazines have emerged to offer fresh choices to "acculturated" Latinos, those who maintain their Latin roots but identify closely with the American mainstream.

If we do not work together to promote ourselves …then who will? According to federal statistics, 4. Yet several studies have revealed that as a group, English language learners do not excel academically. In their winning grant proposal, the researchers point out that for the school year, only The researchers trace the reasons for the gap between English language learners and their peers to several educational failures, including teacher preparation that does not match student needs. When teachers are not armed with appropriate instructional knowledge or do not possess alternate language proficiency, English language learners must struggle through conceptually advanced texts in a language they have not yet mastered - with too few or ineffective adaptations made.

Once they fall behind, they rarely catch up. The researchers will focus on vocabulary and comprehension strategy instruction using science and social studies text for English language learners in grades 4 through 8. Beginning this fall, the team will develop and test varying interventions in Texas and Maryland schools, disseminate the findings, and provide professional development training for teachers in the methods proven to be effective.

Specifically, the goals of the study are to: Integrate vocabulary and English as a second language strategies into interventions to enhance comprehension strategy instruction. Determine the added value of strategies for English as a second language instruction and of vocabulary enhancement in the Teacher Directed Strategy Instruction intervention.

Examine the efficacy of two interventions that vary in the method of delivery. Identify and describe the response to the interventions by students with differing levels of English proficiency. The team wants to close the gap between English language learners and their peers in academic achievement, but to do so, they first must close the gap in research. Work here pays much, much better. A low-skill Mexican worker earns five to six times as much in this country as back home, assuming he or she could find a comparable job there.

This truth is so obvious it seems a cliche and yet it remains mostly absent from the debate on how to reform U. For all the talk around the country of border enforcement, guest-worker programs, employer sanctions and driver's license restrictions, the sad fact is that none of these "solutions" addresses the root of the problem: Even the most comprehensive and progressive immigration reform proposal in years, introduced this month by Sens.

The bill crafts a guest-worker program -- creating new visa categories and quotas and a secure identification system for employers -- but provides only a vague indication that income disparity might be a problem or a responsibility to take on. How can a proposal that purports to reduce the flow of illegal Mexican workers to the United States not take a stab at the root cause? Won't better conditions for immigrant workers here only be an invitation for more illegal migrants from Mexico, as the argument goes, as long as wage disparity remains unaddressed?

To alter income disparity, it is obvious that Mexico must reduce its development gap and raise incomes. What is just as apparent is that Americans do not feel, at least at the moment, that they have a responsibility or even an interest in reducing that gap through investments of money and expertise.

They don't feel the same obligation they once felt, say, after World War II for Europe, or that the European Union took on when it bolstered its poorest members. Mexico and the United States may share a 2,mile border, but their sense of a shared future runs about two inches deep. There is a strong sense in this country that Mexico's problems are of its own making, and must be solved by Mexico.

That is why former Bush official Richard A. Falkenrath and others say a significant infusion of U. The North American Free Trade Agreement, signed more than 10 years ago by Canada, Mexico and the United States, was supposed to generate more jobs in Mexico, raise salaries and reduce people's incentive to emigrate. That proved to be wishful thinking. In fact, NAFTA has not generated the number of new jobs predicted, nor has it alleviated rural poverty in many areas of Mexico. That would require, according to an upcoming report on NAFTA by the Institute for International Economics, "a sustained period of strong growth and substantial income transfers to poorer states.

There are some in this country, a minority to be sure, who say Washington must get involved more directly. Otherwise, they argue, Mexico won't be able to reduce disparities for at least another hundred years. Pastor is under no illusions that such a fund will be created any time soon. Certainly the Bush administration is not talking about any such ideas within the recently launched Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America, the latest ambitiously named project that won't even touch on immigration, although immigration is directly connected to security and prosperity.

The administration and Congress are under little pressure to deepen the U. But if anything, such sentiments prolong illegal immigration in the sense that they distract citizens and leaders alike into thinking that if you put up enough barriers, Mexicans will go away. Youth Driving Hispanic Population Boom http: Today, Hispanics make up the largest ethnic minority in the United States, numbering States with small Hispanic populations have shown the greatest growth in the last decade - with seven of the 10 fastest-growing states in the South.

More than 20 percent of Cubans are 65 or older, while a scant 4 percent of Mexicans are in that age bracket. On the other hand, 37 percent of Mexicans and 31 percent of Puerto Ricans are younger than A Call for Abstracts in both English and Spanish is attached together with the Abstract Submission Form that must accompany each submission.

We would be most appreciative if you would pass along this information to others who might present important sessions to Institute participants. The deadline for submissions is September 23, Please contact them directly at: Hispanics are moving to areas with few from their ethnic group; African-Americans are moving to suburbs in the South that have large black populations, Census estimates released Thursday show. The other is Hispanics going to places where everybody else is moving, following the jobs. In the s, most Hispanic immigrants came to the USA through five "gateways": Top Hispanic counties The spreading out of Hispanics challenges the communities they settle in and Hispanics themselves.

Schools and local governments often are not equipped to deal with Spanish speakers. Others are less-educated, poorer immigrants seeking jobs in construction, service industries and retailing. Blacks' patterns are very different. The percentage in counties that have the largest share of blacks is inching up. More than 17 million - almost half of all blacks - live in the 11 states that were in the Confederacy, up a million from Top black counties Many black professionals are leaving Northern black strongholds such as Baltimore and Philadelphia and settling in mostly black suburbs of Atlanta, Birmingham, Ala.

The governor, or so went the local joke, was only trying to stay in touch with his constituents. The 25 Most Influential Hispanics in America http: But like any immigrant group that has shaped mainstream U. The country's largest ethnic minority, Hispanics promise to help remake America in the 21st century as vitally as African Americans did in the 20th. Still, perhaps more than any of their immigrant predecessors, Hispanics defy easy categorization.

Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans and Argentine Americans may all speak the same language, but many wouldn't dream of standing under the same cultural umbrella. A fair number of U. Indeed, the category Hispanic is a gringo construct—first used by the U. Census Bureau in —and the only one based on culture and language instead of race. That dubious distinction frustrates some Hispanics, who believe they belong to a separate race, the product of an epic Latin American miscegenation of Iberian, Native American and African heritage.

A growing number, especially in California and the Northeast, prefer the term Latino. Such a wide array of opinions and agendas is reflected in Time's list of the nation's 25 most influential Hispanics, who range from celebrities like J. She says her job is to be an evangelist for Latino culture. With these 24 powerful Hispanics at her side, no wonder word is spreading fast.

September October 1, , a national awareness campaign held during Hispanic Heritage Month. The educational celebration engaging Hispanic communities across the country highlights how information technology can better support children's learning, assist in locating employment opportunities, and help provide overall economic enrichment. For more information or to participate please call or visit http: But are minorities any more visible than women in the sciences? Only Asian Americans are over represented. Although they comprise 4.

Few Minorities in the Pipeline Why such low numbers? Going through high school, college and then graduate school," says Refugio I. Some companies spread their money all over the globe. People tend to hire other people who look like them.

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The old-boy network, another barrier to advancement for women in science and engineering, also hinders minorities. At the lower levels, after 30 years of pushing and prodding, we've got an emerging population of successful students, lab assistants and researchers. Our challenge now is to springboard them into the top positions.

These jobs, many well-paying, are available because public-health organizations reach out to minorities, hoping they will return to serve their communities of origin. The organization has supported nearly 15, students with educational and career-advancement programs. SACNAS runs an internship program, an annual conference and mentoring programs for K teachers, undergraduate and graduate students and promising PhDs. Additional Resources For more information on minorities in the sciences and engineering, consider these sources: Minority Americans in Engineering and Science Magazine http: Over the last decade we have witnessed leading science and engineering companies realize the value in diversity initiatives and those companies are now reaping the benefits.

National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering- http: Sharing Goals Meeting America's Need for Engineering Talent NACME will convene a prominent group of corporate executives, college and university presidents and deans, foundation officers, government officials, educators from urban school districts, and representatives from science and engineering-focused organizations, at a symposium to address the shortage of young students prepared to pursue undergraduate degrees in engineering and technology, and the need to increase the representation of underserved students if we, as a nation, are to meet the future demand for professionals in those areas.

Through a series of presentations and panel discussions, Symposium participants will tackle tough issues such as the offshoring of engineering and technology jobs, revitalizing curricula at both the secondary and post-secondary school levels, and the need for diversity in the engineering workforce. National Society of Black Engineers - http: Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers - http: Their objective was to form a national organization of professional engineers to serve as role models in the Hispanic community.

The concept of Networking was the key basis for the organization. SHPE quickly established two student chapters to begin the network that would grow to encompass the nation as well as reach countries outside the United States. Today, SHPE enjoys a strong but independent network of professional and student chapters throughout the nation. Talk about this article and get advice on the Diversity at Work message board as of August Felipe Alou Stands Up to Bigotry.

Web de Anza http: I had always wanted to read the Diaries of these men who were in charge, being in Spanish of course, I could not read them. They have been the most exciting reading material, you just can't put it down. I recommend that all your readers take a look and see for themselves.

They said if it had not been for the Indians they could not have succeeded. They taught them so much and in reverse the Spanish taught them many things. You get to know the whole picture of what happened on the trail to better life for all. Analyzing the sentence, they write that courts of Versailles and Madrid hailed the rebellion of the American colonists as godsend because: The word privateers was used to describe this criminal activity.

Francis Drake was knighted for his success. Augustine, were under constant threat from the British. Spain is pictured as the bully, without a sense of noble fairness, while the British are presented as helpless, quite a twist considering the times. Class was very important at that time, the upper class were considered superior and deserving of their position.

The text implies that the Spanish were lower class and could not take defeat in the noble well-manner way of a gentleman. Within that one sentence, the authors have concluded that Spain and its people were vengeful, cowardly, uncultured and inferior, and for those reasons were in support of the American colonists. However, the expanded extract is factual, without the subjective intrusion of emotionally-packed words.

This question was forwarded to Somos Primos readers with a special interest in the American Revolution. You will enjoy the reasoning and answers, supported by facts, dates, and locations showing Miranda was a very poor choice by the Smithsonian for the First Latino Hero during the American Revolution. Go to First Latino Hero.

Tejano Roots Austin writer-historian, Dan Arellano presents " Tejano Roots" and brings to life how Tejano heroes died for the same reasons as the heroes of the Alamo in a battle many don't know about The Battle of Medina Did you know that over Tejanos sacrificed their lives for liberty and freedom The book is available at Book People, N.

Dinuba Blvd, Visalia, Ca. Dan Arellano ; e-mail darellano austin. A thousand Tejanos were killed in one battle alone, in defense of these causes. But this conflict wasn't on foriegn soil. Through the smoke and the roar of the cannon, men could be heard crying in anuish. Some men lost limbs, others had their heads blown off, there were body parts scattered all over the battlefield.

The lucky ones died instantly, while others suffered a slow and agonizing death, until executed upon orders by Arredondo. The carnage was devastating; it was a horrible massacre of men. On this day in , the Spaniards defeated a would-be Texas republic in the bloodiest action ever fought on Texas soil. His products come in various sizes and materials. The Lozano family of Spain and Portugal originated in the mountains of Leon and later branches of the family were established in Aragon Navarra, Asturias, Italy, Extremadura and Andalucia.

Lozano caballeros were Conquistadores del Nuevo Mundo and descendants reside in the Americas. Azure blue an armed arm argent, issuing from the dexter flank, holding a naked sword in the hand; in base three lance heads argent white or silver , posed in fesse. II , Edited by Raul J. However, Pedro remained a mystery person because at the time of his marriage to Mariana, 2 October , there was no information given as to his place of origin or the names of his parents. To the best of my knowledge , no document has been located in the Archives of Monterrey that has a clue to his predecessors, such as a will, a land record, or a limpiza de sangre.

In , I started doing genealogical research. At the same time I worked with the U. Census records finding my paternal grandparents. I started working backward using the Texas marriage certificates of my parents and grandparents. I have been engaged in genealogy for over twenty years, but just started doing research on the LOZANOs a couple of years ago because it is one of my son- in-law's family surnames.

The other children seem to have been born in Monterrey. I quickly mailed Avis a package of data, and was greatly surprised to receive a worried telephone call. Avis had gotten the marriage date off of an index of marriages in Monterrey and Laureano's parents were not the couple that I had given. She did not read Spanish so had not ordered the actual document.

I quickly did and confirmed Avis's data. I had followed the wrong line. There were two Laureanos of the same approximate time period and, using just baptismal records and a "deductive jump," I had followed the wrong Laureano. With a planned trip to Houston for the State Hispanic Genealogical Conference, Ophelia Marquez, always one to meet a genealogical challenge, lent her expertise and support to see if we could find the link before the October conference.

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Gertrudis' parents were listed, but Francisco's parents were not named. It was not uncommon at that time period for the name of the parents of a widow or widower not to be given, only the name of the deceased spouse. No record of the marriage has been located. Villanueva de Cavazos provided the answer. Soon after returning home, I got an excited telephone call from Ophelia. She had broken the line for me. The father's will provided a positive identification of his son Francisco because he gave the name of the first daughter- in-law.

But the support and networking of friends and relatives does not end, nor did the Lozano line. In a letter to Ophelia, Jaime was kind enough to send along the following to me:. Ophelia and Raul were both positive that it was my line and proceeded to analyze the will that Jaime sent. I was in state of awe and busy preparing "Somos Primos. Situado y fundado en una huerta a una legua del Lugar en el puerto que llaman Manzanares, de todo genero de frutas.

Y en un valle unas tierras de labor llamadas Bargarindo. Y un valle que llaman Cabeza del Arado, de sembradura y casas de vivienda de piedra, cal y canto, baxas con ventanas de fierro; estan en la plaza junto a la parroquia de San Bartolome. Fueron nombrados herederos todos sus hijos menos el religioso. Why should they, if Pedro was to become the next owner of the "mayorazgo"? He'd have said "send Pedro a 'recaudo' message so that he can go and claim the land".

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Also, the probability of returning to Spain versus resettling in Nueva Espana is small. Below is my direct line pedigree. You can see I still have a several marriages to find. Now, in this sequel to Lorenzo's Secret Mission, the intrepid young adventurer is back to fulfill his commitment to the American Revolution.

When General George Washington names Lorenzo a captain in the Continental Army, he is sent on another challenging mission: With Colonel De Galvez's aid, Lorenzo struggles to herd the cattle and his soldiers to the Mississippi River via King's Highway - a rustic dirt road through the provinces of Texas and Louisiana. And just in the shadows, waits "Saber Scar" - the man that holds Lorenzo responsible for his capture and imprisonment - whose escape from prison is one short breath away.

A flyer from the Smithsonian that I picked up a while ago and which only now I have had a chance to concentrate on, notes that Francisco de Miranda "is the first Latino hero of the American Revolution. Will you please respond to Dr. I think your responses will make a good article. Your response need not be long, three or four paragraphs. Be sure and include your credits and justification for speaking on the topic. I think we can have something pretty powerful to share. My initial reaction was one of surprise, to the fact that the Smithsonian Institution could have committed such an injustice.

He also he played a distinguished part in the combined Spanish-American attack and capture of the Bahamas. This was back in , when in June that year, he inaugurated a statue of General Don Bernardo de Galvez not far from the Smithsonian Institution on Virginia Avenue, during the celebration of the Bicentennial of the United States. The monument is on a plaza located beside the U. S State Department and it serves, to this day, as a reminder of the assistance given by Spain and her colonies to the conflict. That is why I have taken the liberty of including them here.

On unveiling this monument to Bernardo de Galvez, the great Spanish soldier whose contribution was decisive for the triumph of George Washington's armies in their struggle for American independence, I should like to call to mind very briefly the brilliant and courageous campaign he carried out in the lands bordering the Lower Mississippi. Apart from being a masterpiece of military strategy, the conquest of Western Florida was the blow that permitted the final victory of your armies, the end of the war, and the birth of the United States, since it considerably lightened the pressure of the English in the war against the American settlers who were fighting for their independence.

Years later, Bernardo de Galvez was appointed Governor and Captain-General of the lands of West Florida, and married a creole from New Orleans, a city he loved as if it were his own. Galvez always felt himself to be just another American. But it is also necessary to say that this tribute to the feats and actions of each man is acknowledgement of generosity, bravery and moral value of human acts that have often changed the course of history. May the Statue of Bernardo de Galvez serve as a reminder that Spain offered the blood of her soldiers for the cause of American independence.

Like I said before, I think this ought to settle the matter of who should be honored, perhaps not as the first because Galvez was not, but as a matter of fact, neither was Miranda, but as the most important Hispanic hero of the American Revolution. Aside from the statue in Washington D.

Postal Service which issued a stamp in , commemorating Galvez's triumph in Mobile years before. I am a history researcher, reenactor of the Spanish forces of the American Revolution for 12 years now, and the originator, investigator, drafter and presenter of Maryland Senate Joint Resolution 2 on the Hispanic Contributions to the American Revolution, which was adopted on April 8, , by the Maryland Legislature. I also collaborated with the "Cobblestone" history magazine issue on "Spain and the American Revolution" which was published in November He was made aide de camp to the governor of Cuba and served under Juan Manuel de Cagigal and served in the battle of the Bahamas.

He acted as interpreter between Commodore Alexander Gillon, the captain of the American frigate South Carolina during that "non-battle" at Providence with Britain. That was the kick-off point for the invasion of Jamaica, the most important objective in the Caribbean. Miranda wound up in North Carolina in and toured the United States.

He then sailed back to the U. The word Latino comes into question and by broad terms would include Peter Francisco who fought with Washington in at Brandywine. He was truly the biggest hero of the American Revolution even according to General Washington. But if blood Spanish is what you want, the General himself has to be declared the first Latino hero of the American Revolution. Yes, that's what I said.

I find little to recommend this man other than he was a gadabout traveler and seemed to hobnob with many important men of the time, including Washington, Hamilton, and others. The listing you're looking for has ended. Sell one like this. We found something similar. See details and exclusions. See all 2 brand new listings.

All listings for this product Buy it now Buy it now. About this product Description Description. This book studies the growth and reconstriuction of the Spanish fiscal-military state. His main study area is eighteenth-century Spanish warfare and its interconnection with the development of the state and its economy.

He is the author of El precio de la guerra:

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