Home Education Journal Volume 5 Issues 14 - 16

Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies

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I home educated my 4 children over a period of some 20 odd years, hence my interest in home education. In I set up HE UK, a website that began from a modest beginning to being the UK's main hub for home education with over three million hits per annum. In partnership with my then wife, I created a publishing house Cinnamon Press which went on to win Wale's book of the year with a book of poetry I Spy pinhole Eye. Following my separation I went on to create another publishing house called Ward Wood Publishing with my new business partner, Adele Ward.

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Education Next is a journal of opinion and research about education policy.

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In , after corresponding with a number of these families, Holt began producing Growing Without Schooling , a newsletter dedicated to home education. I think that the home is the proper base for the exploration of the world which we call learning or education. Home would be the best base no matter how good the schools were. One common theme in the homeschool philosophies of both Holt and that of the Moores is that home education should not attempt to bring the school construct into the home, or a view of education as an academic preliminary to life.

They viewed home education as a natural, experiential aspect of life that occurs as the members of the family are involved with one another in daily living.

Parents commonly cite two main motivations for homeschooling their children: Parental dissatisfaction with available schools typically includes concerns about the school environment, the quality of academic instruction, the curriculum, bullying, racism and lack of faith in the school's ability to cater to their children's special needs [22]. Some parents homeschool in order to have greater control over what and how their children are taught, to cater more adequately to an individual child's aptitudes and abilities, to provide instruction from a specific religious or moral position, and to take advantage of the efficiency of one-to-one instruction and thus allow the child to spend more time on childhood activities, socializing, and non-academic learning.

Some African-American families choose homeschool as a way of increasing their children's understanding of African-American history — such as the Jim Crow laws that resulted in their ancestors being beaten, killed, or sold for learning to read — and to limit the harm caused by the unintentional and sometimes subtle systemic racism that affects most American schools. Some parents have objections to the secular nature of public schools and homeschool in order to give their children a religious education.

Use of a religious curriculum is common among these families. Recent sociological work suggests that an increasing number of parents are choosing homeschooling because of low academic quality at the local schools, or because of bullying or health problems. Homeschooling may also be a factor in the choice of parenting style. Homeschooling can be a matter of consistency for families living in isolated rural locations, for those temporarily abroad, and for those who travel frequently.

Many young athletes, actors, and musicians are taught at home to accommodate their training and practice schedules more conveniently.

Quarterly Review of Distance Education

Homeschooling can be about mentorship and apprenticeship, in which a tutor or teacher is with the child for many years and becomes more intimately acquainted with the child. Homeschooling can be used a form of supplemental education and as a way of helping children learn under specific circumstances. The term may also refer to instruction in the home under the supervision of correspondence schools or umbrella schools. Some jurisdictions require adherence to an approved curriculum.

The term emphasizes the more spontaneous, less structured learning environment in which a child's interests drive his pursuit of knowledge. Homeschools use a wide variety of methods and materials. Families choose different educational methods, which represent a variety of educational philosophies and paradigms.

Volume 40, Issue 2, 2018

Some of the methods or learning environments used include Classical education including Trivium , Quadrivium , Charlotte Mason education, Montessori method , Theory of multiple intelligences , Unschooling, Radical Unschooling, Waldorf education , School-at-home curriculum choices from both secular and religious publishers , A Thomas Jefferson Education , unit studies, curriculum made up from private or small publishers, apprenticeship, hands-on-learning, distance learning both online and correspondence , dual enrollment in local schools or colleges, and curriculum provided by local schools and many others.

Some of these approaches are used in private and public schools. Unschooling, natural learning, Charlotte Mason Education, Montessori, Waldorf, apprenticeship, hands-on-learning, unit studies are supported to varying degrees by research by constructivist learning theories and situated cognition theories. A student's education may be customized to support his or her learning level, style, and interests. Many families use an eclectic approach, picking and choosing from various suppliers.

For sources of curricula and books a study found that 78 percent utilized "a public library"; 77 percent used "a homeschooling catalog, publisher, or individual specialist"; 68 percent used "retail bookstore or another store"; 60 percent used "an education publisher that was not affiliated with homeschooling. Individual governmental units, e. As a subset of homeschooling, informal learning happens outside of the classroom, but has no traditional boundaries of education. Informal learning is an everyday form of learning through participation and creation, in contrast with the traditional view of teacher-centered learning.

The term is often combined with non-formal learning, and self-directed learning. The individual is completing a task with different intentions, but ends up learning skills in the process. This leads them to have a base understanding of complex scientific concepts without any background studying. This breeds an ever growing importance on the ideas and concepts that children learn outside of the traditional classroom setting, including Informal learning.

Depending on the part of the world, informal learning can take on many different identities and has differing cultural importances. Many ways of organizing homeschooling draw on apprenticeship qualities and on non-western cultures. In some South American indigenous cultures , such as the Chillihuani community in Peru, children learn irrigation and farming technique through play, advancing them not only in their own village and society, but also in their knowledge of realistic techniques that they will need to survive [34].

In Western culture, children use informal learning in two main ways. The first as talked about, is through hands-on experience with new material. The second is asking questions to someone who has more experience than they have i. Childrens inquisitive nature is their way of cementing the ideas they have learned through exposure informal learning. It is a more casual way of learning than traditional learning and serves the purpose of taking in information any which way they can.

All other approaches to homeschooling are subsumed under two basic categories: Structured homeschooling includes any method or style of home education that follows a basic curriculum with articulated goals and outcomes. This style attempts to imitate the structure of the traditional school setting while personalizing the curriculum. Unstructured homeschooling is any form of home education where parents do not construct a curriculum at all. Unschooling, as it is known, attempts to teach through the child's daily experiences and focuses more on self-directed learning by the child, free of textbooks, teachers, and any formal assessment of success or failure.

In a unit study approach, multiple subjects such as math, science, history, art, and geography, are studied in relation to a single topic. Unit studies are useful for teaching multiple grades simultaneously as the difficulty level can be adjusted for each student.

An extended form of unit studies, Integrated Thematic Instruction utilizes one central theme integrated throughout the curriculum so that students finish a school year with a deep understanding of a certain broad subject or idea. All-in-one homeschooling curricula variously known as "school-at-home", "the traditional approach", "school-in-a-box" or "The Structured Approach" , are instructionist methods of teaching in which the curriculum and homework of the student are similar or identical to those used in a public or private school.

Purchased as a grade level package or separately by subject, the package may contain all of the needed books, materials, tests, answer keys, and extensive teacher guides. These are among the more expensive options for homeschooling, but they require minimal preparation and are easy to use. Some localities provide the same materials used at local schools to homeschoolers. Parents see their role as that of affirming through positive feedback and modeling the necessary skills, and the child's role as being responsible for asking and learning.

The term " unschooling " as coined by John Holt describes an approach in which parents do not authoritatively direct the child's education, but interact with the child following the child's own interests, leaving them free to explore and learn as their interests lead.

Can't Go Won't Go - An Alternative Approach to School Refusal

Holt asserted that children learn through the experiences of life, and he encouraged parents to live their lives with their child. Also known as interest-led or child-led learning, unschooling attempts to follow opportunities as they arise in real life, through which a child will learn without coercion.

Children at school learn from 1 teacher and 2 auxiliary teachers in a classroom of approximately Kids have the opportunity of dedicated education at home with a ratio of 1 to 1. An unschooled child may utilize texts or classroom instruction, but these are not considered central to education. Holt asserted that there is no specific body of knowledge that is, or should be, required of a child. Both unschooling and natural learning advocates believe that children learn best by doing; a child may learn reading to further an interest about history or other cultures, or math skills by operating a small business or sharing in family finances.

They may learn animal husbandry keeping dairy goats or meat rabbits, botany tending a kitchen garden, chemistry to understand the operation of firearms or the internal combustion engine, or politics and local history by following a zoning or historical-status dispute. While any type of homeschoolers may also use these methods, the unschooled child initiates these learning activities.

The natural learner participates with parents and others in learning together. Gatto argues that public education is the primary tool of "state controlled consciousness" and serves as a prime illustration of the total institution — a social system which impels obedience to the state and quells free thinking or dissent. Autonomous learning is a school of education which sees learners as individuals who can and should be autonomous i. Autonomous education helps students develop their self-consciousness, vision, practicality and freedom of discussion. However, a student must not start their autonomous learning completely on their own.

It is said, that by first having interaction with someone who has more knowledge in a subject, will speed up the student's learning, and hence allow them to learn more independently. Some degree of autonomous learning is popular with those who home educate their children. In true autonomous learning, the child usually gets to decide what projects they wish to tackle or what interests to pursue.

In home education, this can be instead of or in addition to regular subjects like doing math or English. In Defence of Science and Rationality , which is developed in the debates , which seek to rebut the neo-Marxist social philosophy of convergence proposed by the Frankfurt School e. A homeschool cooperative is a cooperative of families who homeschool their children. It provides an opportunity for children to learn from other parents who are more specialized in certain areas or subjects.

Co-ops also provide social interaction. They may take lessons together or go on field trips.

Mike Fortune-Wood

Some co-ops also offer events such as prom and graduation for homeschoolers. Homeschoolers are beginning to utilize Web 2. With social networks homeschoolers can chat, discuss threads in forums, share information and tips, and even participate in online classes via blackboard systems similar to those used by colleges. This booklet summarized a study by Ray and the Rudner study. The study also indicates that public school performance gaps between minorities and genders were virtually non-existent among the homeschooled students who took the tests. A survey of 11, homeschooled students conducted in found that, on average, the homeschooled students scored 37 percentile points above public school students on standardized achievement tests.

However, Rudner said that these same students in public school may have scored just as well because of the dedicated parents they had. In , a quasi-experimental study was conducted that included homeschooled and traditional public students between the ages of 5 and It was discovered that the majority of the homeschooled children achieved higher standardized scores compared to their counterparts.

Studies have also examined the impact of homeschooling on students' GPAs. Cogan found that homeschooled students had higher high school GPAs 3.

Homeschooled children may receive more individualized attention than students enrolled in traditional public schools. A study suggests that a structured environment could play a key role in homeschooler academic achievement.

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