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Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy and the French royal family commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as Girardon , Coysevox and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. This served as France's top art school until Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: The French Revolution and political and social change in France had a profound influence on art in the capital.
Paris was central to the development of Romanticism in art, with painters such as Gericault.
The Golden Age of the School of Paris ended between the two world wars. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard.
The Louvre was the most visited art museum in the world in , with 8. The second-most visited museum in the city, with 3. The Orsay displays French art of the 19th century, including major collections of the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists. It is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections, and its Gallery of Evolution. Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions.
The Moulin Rouge was opened in It was highly visible because of its large red imitation windmill on its roof, and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan. Its stars in the s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city.
Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including Ernest Hemingway , Samuel Beckett , and, in the s, Milan Kundera. The winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature , Patrick Modiano who lives in Paris , based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the s—s.
Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris, almost all on the Left Bank in the 5th, 6th and 7th arrondissements. Since that time, because of high prices, some publishers have moved out to the less expensive areas.
There are about bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.
Les brèves Cette manifestation littéraire unique en France repose sur le principe de l'itinérance: 20 les membres du Bureau de la CLIL ont élu Anne Martelle (Librairie Martelle à Amiens), à la Ce sera le cas des nouvelles cartes émises à partir d'octobre." Vous êtes libraire, recevez votre kit gratuit (édition limitée). La nouvelle édition de la lettre mensuelle du Bureau du Directeur des The contention of Mauritius is that the French translation of the word.
In the late 12th century, a school of polyphony was established at Notre-Dame. Troubadours , from the south of France, were also popular. The French royal family and courtiers "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy", and a national musical printing house was established. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon. Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the s and s; by Paris had some dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city.
Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars especially in the 19th arrondissement, [] and the romantic sounds of the accordion has since become one of the musical icons of the city. Paris is the spiritual home of gypsy jazz in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city. Immediately after the War the Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, mostly found in cellars because of a lack of space; these included the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou.
Most of the clubs closed by the early s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll. On 19 December , Paris and other worldwide fans commemorated the th anniversary of the birth of Edith Piaf —a French cabaret singer, songwriter and actress who became widely regarded as France's national chanteuse , as well as being one of France's greatest international stars.
Paris has a big hip hop scene. This music became popular during the s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms. Paris's largest cinema room today is in the Grand Rex theatre with 2, seats. Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine , food meticulously prepared and artfully presented.
A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers ; it featured an elegant dining room, an extensive menu, linen tablecloths, a large wine list and well-trained waiters; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. Today, due to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9, restaurants.
In , of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as L'Ambroisie in the Place des Vosges, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as L'Astrance , which combines French and Asian cuisines. In addition to the classical restaurants, Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. Its name is said to have come in from the Russian soldiers who occupied the city; "bistro" means "quickly" in Russian , and they wanted their meals served rapidly so they could get back their encampment.
Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition from cheaper ethnic restaurants, and different eating habits of Parisian diners. Beginning with the Paris Exposition of ; it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage, particular German costumes for beer.
Paris has been an international capital of high fashion since the 19th century, particularly in the domain of haute couture , clothing hand-made to order for private clients. Paris Fashion Week , held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre and other city locations, is among the top four events of the international fashion calendar, along with the fashion weeks in Milan, London and New York.
In , around 40 percent of Parisians held a licence -level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France, [] while 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest percentage in France. The University of Paris , founded in the 12th century, is often called the Sorbonne after one of its original medieval colleges. It was broken up into thirteen autonomous universities in , following the student demonstrations in Most of the campuses today are in the Latin Quarter where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs. The administrative school such as ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg , the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris's 7th arrondissement and the most prestigious university of economics and finance, Paris-Dauphine , is located in Paris's 16th.
The National Institute of Sport and Physical Education , located in the 12th arrondissement, is both a physical education institute and high-level training centre for elite athletes. There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The Sorbonne Library in the 5th arrondissement is the largest university library in Paris. Paris's most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.
The final stage of the most famous bicycle racing in the world, Tour de France , always finishes in Paris. Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the French Open , held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre, [] is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour. The 17,seat Bercy Arena officially named AccorHotels Arena and formerly known as the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy is the venue for the annual Paris Masters ATP Tour tennis tournament and has been a frequent site of national and international tournaments in basketball, boxing, cycling, handball, ice hockey, show jumping and other sports.
The basketball team Levallois Metropolitans plays some of its games at the 4, capacity Stade Pierre de Coubertin. Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. In addition, the Paris region is served by a light rail network of nine lines, the tramway: Paris is a major international air transport hub with the 5th busiest airport system in the world.
In the s and the s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August , the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria who, at that time, were French citizens. Retrieved 30 October Beevor, Antony; Cooper, Artemis 4 October The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries finance , IT services and high-tech manufacturing electronics, optics, aerospace, etc. Renewable energy costs are fallen In the United Kingdon, windpower is now the cheapest energy source , october, 18 According energy experts of Bloomberg New Energy Finance, electric power generated by wind farms is from now on the cheapest between all other energy sources, nuclear plants included, in the UK and Germany.
The city is served by three commercial international airports: Together these three airports recorded traffic of Orly Airport, located in the southern suburbs of Paris, replaced Le Bourget as the principal airport of Paris from the s to the s. Domestically, air travel between Paris and some of France's largest cities such as Lyon , Marseille , or Strasbourg has been in a large measure replaced by high-speed rail due to the opening of several high-speed TGV rail lines from the s.
Internationally, air traffic has increased markedly in recent years between Paris and the Gulf airports , the emerging nations of Africa, Russia, Turkey, Portugal, Italy, and mainland China , whereas noticeable decline has been recorded between Paris and the British Isles , Egypt, Tunisia, and Japan.
The city is also the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France, with most of the cargo handled by Ports of Paris in facilities located around Paris.
These include piste cyclable bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers such as a kerb and bande cyclable a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road. Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid fed by multiple sources. From , the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. This system is still a major part of Paris's modern water-supply network.
In , Mayor Chirac introduced the motorcycle-mounted Motocrotte to remove dog faeces from Paris streets. Paris today has more than municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3, hectares and containing more than , trees. Between and , the Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Alphand , created the Bois de Boulogne , the Bois de Vincennes , Parc Montsouris and the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont , located at the four points of the compass around the city, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters.
In Paris's Roman era, its main cemetery was located to the outskirts of the Left Bank settlement, but this changed with the rise of Catholicism, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, les Innocents , were filled to overflowing, creating quite unsanitary conditions for the capital.
When inner-city burials were condemned from , the contents of all Paris's parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris's stone mines outside the "Porte d'Enfer" city gate, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement. After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits.
New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: It provides health care, teaching, research, prevention, education and emergency medical service in 52 branches of medicine. The hospitals receive more than 5. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since Radio France Internationale , another public broadcaster is also based in the city. Since 9 April , Paris is exclusively and reciprocally twinned only with: Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 14 December This article is about the capital of France. For other uses, see Paris disambiguation. Fluctuat nec mergitur "Tossed but never sunk". See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French. History of Paris and Timeline of Paris. Paris in the Middle Ages , Paris in the 16th century , and Paris in the 17th century. Arrondissements of Paris and List of mayors of Paris. Architecture of Paris , Haussmann's renovation of Paris , Religious buildings in Paris , and List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region.
Religious buildings in Paris. List of most visited museums. List of museums in Paris. Music in Paris and History of music in Paris. List of films set in Paris. List of railway stations in Paris. List of twin towns and sister cities of Paris. Paris portal France portal European Union portal. Retrieved 4 April Retrieved 6 March The world's 20 busiest airports ". RATP Paris metro operator. Archived from the original on 21 December Retrieved 25 September Retrieved 22 April Retrieved 23 November Retrieved 11 February Retrieved 12 July Retrieved 26 October Le Moniteur in French.
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Retrieved 13 November Retrieved 30 October Le Soir in French. Archived from the original on 28 January Retrieved 17 November Archived from the original on 30 May Retrieved 8 January Retrieved 7 December Formation professionnelle Emplois et stages. HeuliezBus electric buses website fr. Solaris Elekrobus website en. Release on Automobile-propre fr. Nurburgring world record video. Aixam, a French Alpine company, innovates in sustainable mobility , november, 29 Established since in Aix les Bains, Savoie, the leading European company in AM-licence vehicles, is preparing to market its first range of electric-powered vehicles.
Greenhouse effect gas reduction target moved forward from to 19 octobre The oil-rich nordic country acts strongly for climate: Read full release on Inhabitat website. Renewable energy costs are fallen In the United Kingdon, windpower is now the cheapest energy source , october, 18 According energy experts of Bloomberg New Energy Finance, electric power generated by wind farms is from now on the cheapest between all other energy sources, nuclear plants included, in the UK and Germany.
The exhibition is now open to the public. Ours, like many former French and British colonies, was significantly influenced by the history of the sugar industry, the abolition of slavery, the arrival of indentured labourers and the struggle for representative government through universal suffrage. The exhibition refers to three important segments of our constitutional history. First, the period of the French administration during which time the French introduced the Napoleonic Codes governing civil, criminal, commercial and procedural matters as legal instruments.
A template of the Treaty is on display. The emphasis was on Rodrigues and the Seychelles. It did not mean the other dependencies were not included to be ceded. Hence, the source of the dispute over Tromelin. Otherwise, how does one explain that other dependencies of Mauritius, such as Agalega and Chagos Archipelago though not mentioned the Treaty, were ceded to Britain as dependencies of Mauritius. The third period is the road towards independence, kick-started by the Constitution when universal suffrage was recognized.
Under the crown colony after , all powers were vested in the governor.