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The aim is to: Bring these examples together in order to understand more fully the current state of community-based natural resource management in southern Africa. If community conservation is the answer in Africa, what is the question? Oryx, 35 , Environmental Management, 35 , Ecology and Society, Democratic decentralisation through a natural resource lens: Write a customer review. Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers.
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As recommendations, these themes were then organized into a set of CBPR-related ethical issues and principles. Four CBPR ethical guidelines including articles were selected from a systematic review. Overarching themes relating to ethical principles which emerged from interviews were as follows: Trust, transparency and accountability, equity and inclusion, power imbalance, tolerance and conflict management, and attention to cultural sensitivity.
Practical principles that emerged included: Consensus rather than informed consent, ownership of data and research achievements, and sustainability and maintenance of relationships. According to findings and in comparison to international guidelines, the present study put more emphasis on cultural sensitivity and sustainability as CBPR ethical tangles. Community-based participatory research ethical challenges are of the same kind in most parts of the world. However, some discrepancies exist that calls for local scrutiny.
Future use and critic of current explored ethical issues and principles are highly encouraged. Community-based participatory research CBPR is one of the most promising fields of inquiry in health research. As a result and due to the collaborative nature of CBPR and complexity of related issues, some ethical challenges in conduct of this kind of research emerge. Hence, considering increasing popularity of CBPR and, concurrently, dearth of ethical sets of principles on CBPR, especially in developing countries, this study aimed to explore and propound ethical issues and principles for CBPR according to themes emerged from experiences of Iran's CBPR case studies partners.
The ethical principles can be used in future participatory research pursuits in the countries with similar situations. A qualitative study was used to explore and propound a CBPR-related ethical issues and principles. Required data was gathered through systematic review of the literature and semi-structured interviews. To develop the guideline, four following stages were taken: Indeed, a thematic analysis was conducted to explore, unravel, and use emerging themes. The team that participated in the exploration of the ethical issues and principles consisted of a technical steering committee.
They had at least more than 3 years of experience in CBPR and were interested to participate. In the second phase of the project, during a meeting with the team, it was agreed upon to propose a set of ethical principles that can be used in two ways: First, as a tool for adjustment of CBPR projects in IRBs of academic and nonacademic institutes with those principles, and second, as a guide for the conduct of CBPR projects by community researchers in the field. In the third phase of research, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to find the existing relevant ethical guidelines and articles.
Keywords used were as follows: They were then assessed by steering committee according to their comprehensiveness and feasibility.
Ethical principles, ethical issues and the solutions to these issues were subsequently used as interview guides. Then, in the fourth phase, ten interviews with representatives of partner organizations, four group interviews with academic staff, and four group interviews with representatives of communities involved in CBPR projects were conducted. Team members, especially civil society members, were trained to conduct the interviews in a consistent way. To include all possible partners of CBPR in the interviews, maximum variation sampling was used.
There were as many as 6—8 persons in each interview group. Interviews continued until no new information came through.
Having informed consent of the interviewees, the interviews were recorded and transcribed immediately after they were done. Participants were assured that their anonymity to participate will be preserved throughout the study. In the fifth phase of research, repeated thematic analysis of transcribed interviews was done, and overarching themes were extracted.
Peer debriefing and member checking was used to confirm the credibility of extracted themes. To ensure the external audit of the study, a researcher not involved in the research process examined both the process and product of the research.
Finally, the steering committee revised, and approved the ethical set of issues and principles. Based on a systematic review conducted by the technical committee, four guidelines including articles on ethical issues in CBPR were selected.
These principles were used to develop the questions to be used in interviews. Overarching themes emerged from repetitive thematic analysis of interviews are shown in Table 2. Summary of ethical and practice principles of existing guidelines on CBPR based on a systematic review. Concisely speaking, ethical principles are as follows: Trust, transparency and accountability, equity and inclusion, balance distribution of power among partners of the study, believe in collaborative and participatory research, humility and co-learning, respect for diversity, tolerance and conflict resolution, attention to cultural sensitivity, and commitment to personal and professional responsibilities.
Implementation principles of the guideline are as follows: Consensus on expectations, preparing cooperative agreements, consensus rather than informed consent, courtesy of personal information, privacy, anonymity, ownership of data and research achievements, share of knowledge and knowledge translation, sustainability, and maintenance of developed relationships. But when the research project meets its ends, researchers leave the community while community members hope for expansion of the research. There is an ethical issue here, that is, we researchers cannot leave the community while the process of empowerment is not completed.
This leads to financial transparency of researchers to community members. For example, due to cross-cultural tolerance and immigration, southern provinces in Iran are stamping ground for many people and strangers, so it is easy to conduct community work there. The present study aimed to explore and come up with a set of ethical principles and issues for CBPR via a participatory approach. Trust, transparency, and accountability were of the common themes that three interview groups mentioned as core ethical aspects of CBPR.
Inappropriate feedback of research results to participants throughout and after completion of projects; history of not keeping up with project promises and changes in research processes due to cut to project financial credits; and policy makers preferences in the selection of CBPR pilot areas while some other people from other areas participate in research and expect to have the project conducted in their corresponding areas. This calls for measures of trust building as well as knowledge, information, and feedback exchange to all partners. Based on similar concerns, Schaffer's virtue ethics guide acknowledges that the participatory work is in need of professional commitment, integrity, and honesty.
Another touchy ethical issue strongly raised and emphasized by participants of the present study, especially community members were those of equity and inclusion. This emphasis can be an indication of previous experience of gruesome marginalization of nonacademic partners in classical practice of science in which ethical issues of participatory work are not of major concern. Power-related issues were also of main ethical challenges of CBPR in views of present study participants.