Contents:
Educational problems of Pakistan.
Editors: Gupta Bhowon, M., Jhaumeer Laulloo, S., Li Kam Wah, H., Ramasami, P. (Eds.) This volume is a collection of selected papers presented at the 20th International Conference on Chemical Education (ICCE) held in Mauritius from 3rd to 8th August ICCE is the main conference. th th The 20 International Conference on Chemical Education (20 ICCE), which had rd th “Chemistry in the ICT Age” as the theme, was held from 3 to 8 August.
PSC, University of Sindh. Old topic, new thoughts. Bindura University of Science Education. Education and teacher education in Pakistan.
CA Book of Reading. Development and formative evaluation of the educational media in-service teacher training curriculum standards. Factors associated with the integration of ICT into Chinese primary school classrooms: An interplay of teacher-related variables.
The paper is not in the journal. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Cite this paper Adil, A.
The NAT framework stipulates that the study of information technology must serve a dual purpose. On one hand, it plays an important role in cognitive development , but it also fosters practical application skills through the utilisation of knowledge and equipment. Students must master appropriate techniques for the acquisition, processing and transfer of information, and must also become acquainted with legal and ethical norms in connection with handling data.
By including library skills as part of the subject, the NAT structure also constitutes a new approach in that it emphasises the practical use of library facilities to acquire knowledge of ICT as a problem-solving tool in everyday life. ICT has only recently begun to occupy its place within the traditional hierarchy of subjects.
It is recommended that the subject be taught at a minimum of one lesson per week, and individual schools have the opportunity to expand the number of lessons depending on the local opportunities available to them. Information technology is developing at an extremely fast pace. Therefore, due to this high degree of innovation taking place in the field of computer science equipment, methods , it was necessary to renew the content and approach of the NAT structure when establishing the Framework Curriculum. Following the change of government in , the Ministry of Education abolished the compulsory implementation of the Framework Curriculum in favour of a facultative approach.
At the same time, efforts were initiated to develop a new and modified version of the NAT structure. In order to research the current situation of ICT in the school environment, the Centre for Program and Curricular Development at the National Institute for Public Education conducted a representative survey in Distributed to subject teachers working with pupils in the 10—15 age group, the questionnaire contained 18 questions that were identical with regards to all school subjects, but also included questions directed specifically at teachers of ICT.
The aim was to find out more about the existing conditions for the teaching and application of the subject. What happens during an ICT lesson? What does the instructor teach? When the subject first appeared, teachers themselves determined lesson content. Moreover, their decision was strictly influenced by the availability of equipment hardware and software as well as their own professional knowledge.
Whether the emphasis was placed on teaching user skills or on knowledge of computer science largely depended on the qualifications of the given instructor. After , the increasingly wide range of available technology, and the requirements set by central curricula, precisely determined the content of ICT training, although the application of suitable methodologies remained an open issue. In fact, the nature of the subject matter itself varies from school to school since differences are strengthened by individual and local curricula based on the NAT system.
Our survey indicates that schools hold an average of 1.
The survey also asked IT instructors to indicate which curricular themes they would expand, reduce or omit entirely. Their answers reflect everyday practice. Areas given priority by an overwhelming majority include those that serve to strengthen the use of IT in daily life and work e. The biggest challenge is the need for constant renewal in terms of content, which means expanding NAT-based curricular requirements to accommodate widespread applications that have emerged over the last years networking, e-mail, and multi-media.
As technology develops and the environment becomes more user-friendly, there is less of a need for detailed knowledge of operational systems. In direct proportion, however, there is an even greater demand for practical experience in the use of software, the strengthening of network communication and skills in preparing documentation.
The role of graphics software in the design of multimedia applications has increased along with the significance of handling audio, visual and music editing programs. Numerous attempts have been made in recent years with the goal of developing ICT-content.
Among the most spectacular changes is the new Sulinet interactive home page http: The site makes recommendations for post-graduate training, tenders and special events in addition to offering supplementary teaching materials and databases e. An average of 40, visitors log-on to the homepage every day, and according to surveys, several terra-bytes of information are downloaded. In an information society where students in possession of the appropriate resources have the ability to acquire knowledge on their own, the role of teachers is transformed.
In this context, they act more as tutors and mentors, partners in the acquisition of information rather than being the sole providers of knowledge. The appearance of new equipment and software on a daily basis also stimulates educators to improve their own knowledge. In addition, they face a professional-methodological challenge in light of the fact that students in the ICT environment gain access to information faster than they do, by surfing the Internet, for example.
On the upper levels of primary school, the subject is mainly taught by qualified professionals who hold college degrees in computer science, but there are not enough of them. In spite of this, At present, the most serious problem is that many educators trained in IT tend to quit teaching in favour of more lucrative careers in the industrial-business sector, where their knowledge is rewarded with a much higher salary. The number of teachers on a given faculty who are capable of using IT equipment for teaching purposes on at least a basic level This is largely due to intensive participation by teachers in post-graduate training.
There is also a strong need for qualified professionals to operate and maintain existing IT infrastructures in schools hopefully on a full-time basis. In some cases, they are paid a small extra wage, but for the most part, operation and maintenance of the IT system is regarded as part of their normal obligations. Furthermore, teachers are forced to comply because without a properly functioning system they would not be able to conduct their own teaching activities! A solution to this problem is extremely urgent! More precise data will be available to us in Teaching ICT is impossible without up-to-date equipment and supplementary materials.
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