The Art of the Sentence Diagram_1 John (777 Bible Sentenc Diagram)

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Ing new side duplexs which Include: Master bedrooms have sliding Mass dnon leading to balraoya Ready far occupancy February 1st Children welcome.

Overlooking Sooke Mountains Fridge and stove Included. Corner Fort and term. Royal Trust i? Pensioner prefe r red, lady or man. APPLY en apd dining area. Ready for Immediate occupancy. Inquire today for further drtalls. No obligation Money Im mediately available. Evert hi na iiDptled, covered partdna. Avalla bla Immediately at 10 perl month. Upper Fort Street — 1-bedroom anartment available 1st.

Used only to daytime, no Met -or cooking. New wsilJo-wnll car K U to bring room and muter droom. Stacked watoer and dryer. Including breakfast; re CM weekly for resident. Close to shopping centre and bue Kitchen privilege a Mature working lady. Near Oak Bay Junction. Victoria Press Box Excel lent fond and care. COM electita fortabla honreleaping roam. Clone to Jubilee Hoipttal- M Six plus rooms on one floor.

Fireplace, beam ceiling, full basement, drive in garage, oil heat. Long lease ' with option. Phow to view. For part of July re August Excellent location for variety store, real estate office, service offices, and almost any type retail business. All units have basement storage available. Ample new parking area. Open Weekday s till 9 p. See us for ton price.

For fialher tnfonnrtkai call with ortEprtion. Kitchen with eating area, living room Rod. Phone Town and Country Realty Ltd. OOM beat Close to town, adjacent to urban renewal district, good holding property tor future capital gain. J J — Just cpinqlo choMlkit 0 moment. Price reduced to 15, A coey S-bednnm, me alep. Watl-to-unll fa living room end halle. Large Dooral electric cahtoet Idtchen with treed lot.

Te view pleaae call ' WELL.. There Is an unrniabed rot rm. Loads of stucco rancher. Living room room to the basement, one could with wood-burning fireplace, build an In-law tulle A truly gleaming oak floors, separate spotless home fust waiting for you utiL room, separate garage. Full cement basement with drlve-la garage. General Klortrlr 31x rooms toi one floor. Through hot-air oil furnace- This la a hall plan.

This la an old houas with no rooms are on one floor. Immediate recent modernizing work Heated p o ss e ssion. Owner will accept reaaanahle terms, and trades will he ranfad- ered. Large family kitchen, four- piece bath, idambed tar wadier and dryor. Already qualified for V. This is for you if you wish a lovely—almost new—home with seclusion — beautiful views and lovely grounds. Utility room off kltoberv Full haw merk wtth extra bedroom, drlve-in toUSge.

Acquisition Gram, this fine Colonial Irwbase men! Randall George Randall Ltd. Living room with fireplace, dinette. The place la In good condition. Ideal tor men and wife operation. K'a furnished, walk right to and make youraelf at home. Ei reliant kxwtkia Aak. Light bright cabinet electric kitchen, 4-pea Pembroke bathroom Full baaemettt.

North Ouadra and Gordon Hand areas. Member Victoria Real Estate Board. Immaculate residence under X years old urated on a nice lot on a quiet street featuring large living ran. Sea view rooms 2 full hatha ci basement, nundeck. Oe U offirea w. Could go , 1Dr. Easy access to ail the I ammenltles yet away from the' hustle and bustle. Dozens ot choices tn more than 12 separate areas: Pefthle beach with safe boat anchorage. If you are transferred or purchat Ing another h: HOME la Immaculate, opportunity.

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Living, dining, large kitchen. Vic Press, Box Large living and separate dining are mahogany panelled and lead to 1 enclosed patio. U Peaker J - - - Holdings Ltd. Good Sper cert mtge. If you are contemplating A good view rt inch. Hr washer and dryer. For further kst o r m etton and eriPrint- mad to view pie. Priced to at tU. SAstantlal reduction for cash. UrfI unllv room wMh fireplace. You will be assured of courteous and fast service oo the handling of yoor property.

George Parsons, B. Land A Investment Agency Ltd. Your Brentwood Bay Realtor.. Also some good homes on half acre tn 1 acre. The attractive lot la treed and fully landscaped. Near schools and transportation and In an exclusive ares. Our large customer parking lot Is available to clients and persons who call at the Victoria Press Building to do business. This spacious parking area is located on Douglas Street, convenient to our business offices and the editorial departments of Hie Daily Colonist ind Victoria Daily Times.

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Financing may be arranged. Ideal urgently required 2 nha sewered ix tor ell occasions. WlNn the S-mlle clrde, I ran you In Ford built just before the snow fell. It took almost five weeks for the wing to heal. During that time, Joe, as Mr. Ford named him, became quite tame. Ford not only feed the birds, they also care for them when they ore sick or injured. We Members of Parliament. Ap wanted to be sure that he was Union members resolved that —Two indoor track and field strong enough to fend for they: When we felt he was any form of licence limitation when Bob Seagren vaulted 17 ready to go.

Ford also look of the fishermen as to the main Seagren had held the old polo- after two racoons. Its location near the house not only allows the food tray to be replenished easily but it enables Mr. Ford to observe the birds through the floor-to-ceiling windows i n their living room. Ford, are thrushes, fax-sparrows, and crossbeaks. Then they placed it in a hutch. FoiM said she feeds the birds on chick grit, sunflower seeds, suet, old brown bread, raisins, apples and carrots. The Moorhen was cruising in the area and heard a radio may- day call about 11 a.

None of the five was reported injured. The Putzy, owned by Frank Oapt. Hubert Tilley, public re- Baylis of Blanshard was latioos officer for the Salvation reportedly refloated Saturday Army, was guest speaker at an afternoon. Baylis was not IOF luncheon Saturday. If a Czechoslovakian situation i s needed every once in a while to remind Mr. Trudeau what our obligations are, that would be regrettable. Macdonald referred to the Ur. Thomas Anstey, 51, s uniform pit statement contained in last native of Victoria, ha's been natural ga Thursday's throne speech that appointed a s s i stant director- electricity?

Ed by downing the second-place Hoekstra, Allan Johnson and Tonight There were no racial discrimination, war, and o the Feb. Another reason was that the a. Portland scorers were Andy Hebenton, on a power play, and Art Jones. Wadnatday - 7 p. Valerie Ballendtae, a Grade 11 atodeut at Nanaimo district secondary School mi swarded the title at tha three-day Junior Achievement provincial ooaveattoa In Vaaeonvar.

Ver- there has never been a prose- brugge. Winch said he felt Canada getting lower pay. IMS after which data tha AdmlnMr. Official Admlniatrator lor the Coiaiiy Of Victoria. At very secondary NATO member- 1 8.

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Valerie came to Nanaimo from Saskatchewan three years ago with her pareats, Mr, aad Mrs. Edward Ballendlne, M Milton. She won the Vancouver Island title Jan. Barnett and 11 election could be ordered in for the liberal candidate. Ml Bastion Sir eel. Minister, Veterans Affairs D. Durante with 11, them to vote in Comox and Mr. Ruttan and who bad won the seat June 25 by service vote, Mr.

Justice Oaig Munroe were three votes. Charles Galloway and Mrs. Norma Mickelson reported on a four- week enrichment program for Indian children which they directed last summer near Brentwood. Henry Feenatra of the matically as school years pass, London. Last year he and a colleague Dr.

Blake, assistant surveyed students who had professor at Dalhousie Univec- graduated from grades 12 and The- Students showed little agreement when asked what subjects they would delete from the curriculum, but had plenty to say when asked what they would add. Such a policy "can promise j advance in an orderly way beyond anything experienced to 1 date. There is constant reference to the gap between- what can be done and what is being done.

Whitworth told the group a workshop to be held soon will attempt to hammer out a research policy. It would compensate for the international brain drain to wealthy nations, he said. Fisher said such a system, possibly administered by toe UN, would enable sociology, political science and civil law, said Dr. Handy little board is card on one side, slate on the other. With natural wood frame and a rooster for decoration. Great In the kitchen for grocery lists, memos, etc.

Ironing Board Fad and Cover: Fits a standard size board. Silicone cover with floral trim. People Hard Hit On Insurance it. Attractive and useful for keeping notes and recipes. With black plastic handle. Sale, ea, 97 it Stainless Steel Pot Cleaners: In brass colour only.

Sponge on one side, squeegie on the other. Get an extra for the car. Quick heating skillet is great for single servings. One quart size, quick heating aluminum, metal handle. Great idea for camping trips. Stainless steel bowl holds almost a quart. Polished finish outside, brushed metal inside. Ideal for small mixing jobs. Made of heat tempered glass. Sale 4 for 97 IS Utility Tub: Sturdy plastic construction, 4- gallon size. Heat resistant mugs come In a wide s e 1 e c tion of patterns and colours for daily use. Sale 3 for 97 ia Mixing Bowl Bet: Four- piece set made of heavy duty plastic comes in assorted colours.

Buy more than one and use them in the house or garden. Strong plastic, snap tight top, pouring spout, ounce size. Meal for hardwood or linoleum floors. The report said the rise was due mainly to industrial and technological expansion. But here was also a rise in the number of cases handled. The report said co6t increases were greater than the actual case-load increase because of supplementary benefits to cover the higher cost of living. Heavy string mop for big floor jobs. Sponge applicator makes applying liquid wax a breeze.

Now grate without nicking your knuckles. Grater section forms lid for bowl. Bale, set 97 a? Electric Frying Fan Cleaner: Sale, set of la 97 as Corn Broom: Polished aluminum plate and cover glass insert With black bakelite knob. Two-compartment plastic dishpan makes dishwashing easier.

White plastic bags to fit your kitchen waste can. For easy, sanitary disposal. Simplifies washing and rinsing windows, floors. Bale 9 for 97 Laondry Basket: Spanish gold or avocado. The Vancouver exchange still has a long way to go, however to equal the record Canadian volume of The NDP leader made the charge in his reply to the throne speech delivered Thursday, in which the gov- Monday Mourning Miserable trudging through drifting snow is what most Victorians will remember about Monday. Closest thing to genuine blizzard seen here in decade combined miIe-an-hoyr winds andl4. Eshkol Longjohns Uniform Of House?

Two Cities Soon Lakehead Mr. Jordan, Social Credit MLA for Okanagan North and a minister without portfolio, said Monday she suggested earlier this month at a meeting of the Peace River chamber of commerce that the Peace country advertise Itself by means of an unusual display, such as ruffled red underwear. The Lord shall avenge their blood. McGeer also slammed the government for its policies on: Tet last year was official formula. The remarks of Ky, who Is side at two-way peace talks.

The students were protesting police removal of candles, flowers and signs from the statue of St. He was buried Saturday. He suffered second- degree burns before rescuers put out the flames. Political motives have been One informant said a situ a- officially acknowledged only lion bad shaped up in which in the case of Palach.

Names In the News Oowds began to gather, and traffic clogged the Strand as drivers ground to a halt, staring at the grinning girl, warmly wrapped In a red mountaineering jacket and dark trousers. Ford named in trie early spring before the him, became quite tame, flowers are in bloom. Ford buik just before the snow fell. Valerie Rallendine, a Grade 11 student at Nanaimo district secondary school was awarded the title at the three-dny Junior Achievement provincial convention in Vancouver.

The suggestions were in answer to questions Valerie and nine other candidates had to answer in front of about people at the convention ball. Ford not only feed the birds, they also care for them when they are sick or injured. Valerie came to Nanaimo from Saskatchewan three years ago with her parents, Mr. Edward Ballendinc, 93 Milton. She won the Vancouver Island title. We wanted to be sure that he was strong enough to fend for himself. When we felt he was ready to go, Bill place the sleeve over his head and took him to the town dump and released him. We felt that there he would be close to a food supply.

Ford also look after two racoons. Ford, are thrushes, fox-sparrows, and crqssbeaks. Then they placed it in a hutch on the covered patio — an extension of the dining Feeder waits for diners Mrs. Ford said she feeds understand why sunflowers the birds on chick grit, were growing al through the sunflower seeds, suet, old garden until we realized that brown bread, raisins, apples the bluejays had been hiding and carrots. When will the government adopt toe same uniform province-wide rates for natural gas as it has for electricity?

Opposition Leader Robert Strachan malde the charge m a motion of non-confidence in the government at the close erf has speech in the throne speech debate. He turns to explore Island s white finished craft in living room of his land. If the federal T. About people attended. Douglas said that women could not expect fair treatment until stronger federal laws were passed. The complete for a better world. Verbrugge said the reasons dictator. Ver- standards in which high princi- brugge.

Winch disagreed with the ttj practised. Winch said he felt Canada j for the government — the! Hydro as a public carrier should be the agency to build the Vancouver Island pipeline link, said Mr. He asked trie government: Trudeau what our mind, on the mile territorial Canada's membership in NATO obligations ere, that would be water limit, came Monday from Donald regrettable. NATO was a self-sustaining forced the jaw," he said. I "The minister at national rituation from which Canada ' defence is in favor and the should withdraw.

Too many ministers terns. After fighting a battle over sales tax for about two years, Mr. La Potato decided Monday to pay the amount of tax owing on his electricity bills. He also presented B. Barnett and 11, FVxir of the 11 airmen who dlection could be ordered in for lhe Liberal candidate.

A re- testified at the hearing said they Comox-Ataemi if a claim by a count August filed affidavits which entitled defeated New Democratic Party showed Mr. Durante with ll, them to vote in Comox and Mr. Justice Craig Munroe were expected to hand down their decision today. A week ago Mr. Davidson gained a tribute from a city welfare recipient who had called him at home because she had no fuel. Davidson turned out in the cold late on a Saturday night.

He found an all-night gas station, and bought me a can - of oil to last over the weekend. Warm, but uncomfortable, they crowded into the one heated room of their home at Kings Road to escape the icy blasts in the remainder of the former hippie house. Earlier in the day the welfare family had moved into the Provincial Museum, but moved out when they were told they couldn't stay. The Dicks are the second family in as many..

Another family whose story appeared Thursday morning is due to move into another house Monday. The welfare department has been snowed under with office appointments and phone calls recently, said Mr. Jrtl day of MsWb. The work of my staff has been just heroic under the circumstances. The fish tumbled off a truck and scattered across the Great North Road, Britain's main highway.

Following traffic slithered to disaster. Nine vehicles skidded on to the roadside. Victoria and Saanich In the showed that several thieves last three nights, returned had been involved in a from four of their "Joba" housebreaking at Menzies. Footprints i n the snow At United Auto Wreckers, Bsy, they got a green travel bag containing a wallet, gold pen, some foreign coins and a chequebook — but no cash.

Several of the injured were It gave no figures but said the reported in serious condtion. M0S Government teenagers from all parts of B. Victoria, RC , before the 1st day of March. Official Administrator or the Oaunty of Victoria. They're all broke after the Christmas holiday. Temperatures ranged from 32 in Athens to 23 to the northern regions. Wtdauiay - 7 p. Eight policemen were Nationalist Chinese spokesman among those seated for in- indioated has country might cut juries or smoke Inhalation. C- s pari Brattons. Publlahtd under authority of The Honourable J.

Ice-strolling Beacon Hill duck gazes upward with new hope ,. Stock Exchange took the "While it is acknowledged unusual step Monday of warn- that a great number of ing the public to avoid wild companies being traded have speculation as volume soared a great potential, it cannot be to a record 7,, shares.

The Vancouver exchange still haa a long way to go. John Demanding that "the entire world Jordan, Social Credit MLA for Okanagan North and a minister without portfolio, said Monday she suggested earlier this month at a meeting of the Peace River chamber of commerce that the Peace country advertise itself by means of an unusual display, inch as ruffled red underwear. Ready to Meet 'Other Side? Fellow students handed out protest leaflets which said "The continued flying of the illegal flag over Rhodesia House is a deliberate insult to the British people.

Officials said a jn? A year- old pensioner suffered serious burns in a similar attempt. Ky was asked whether the sort of talks he proposed could be with the NLF as well as with North Vietnam. Names In the News Spirt.. Crowds began to gather, and traffic clogged the Strand as drivers ground to a halt, staring at the grinning girl, warmly wrapped In a red mountaineering jacket and dark trousers.

Her good humored, nonviolent action has set an excellent example to the British government, who should take over when she leaves off. He said the big program Mr. Then The hospital is filled with work could start on that patients due to a seasonal section. She said she was pleased, too, that the Duncan players had the initiative to ad lib on their own. She said a pantomime is presented every year in her home town, and the tradition has become very successful. Mina Turnbull also carried ont the duties of treasurer, collector of taxes, ass e ssor and approving officer.

Her resignation Will be effective April i, or later, at the convenience of council, said Mias Turnbull. Snowplowing, snow removal and Handing baa cost Comnx SI. They felt the cost was not excessively high considering the recent heavy snowfalls. Ironing Board Pad and Cover: Great in the kitchen for grocery lists, memos, etc. Get an extra fen- the car.

In brass cdour only. Four- piece set rrtade of heavy duty plastic comes in assorted colours. Ideal for hardwood or linoleum floors. The Treasury Department authorizes the organization of national banks' and has supervision over them; has charge of the coast surveys, the lighthouses, marine hospitals, etc. It has charge of all moneys belonging to the United States; designates depositories of public moneys,. There are a great many very important offitials connected-with the Treasury Department, chief among whichare the followino-.

The foregoing will serve to show many of the lines of work attended to in the Treasury Department. Comptroller of -the C, This bureau is charged with a general s, upervision of the national banks and 'matters -connected 'With the issuing of paper money The second comptroller revises and certifies the accounts of the army and navy and of the Pension and Indian Bureaus. No-one- auditor takes r. The first auditor receives and. The second auditor devotes most of his' attention to army affairs; looks after all the accounts relating to the pay, clothing and recruiting of the army; the arsenals, armories and ordnance; all accounts -relating to the Indian Department; reporting to the' second comptroller.

The third auditor has all accounts for sustenance of the army, military academy, military roads, fortifications. The fourth auditor also reports to the second comptroller, and attends to all account ' s of the service. The fifth auditor reports to the first. The sixth 'auditor adjusts all accounts growin' from the service of the Post Office Department. The War Department was organized in August, The head of -this department is known as the Secretary of War; is -ap"Pointed by the s President, and receives a salary of, per annum.

TheWarDepartment attends to the execution of all laws affecting the Regular Army, 2 and carries out and performs such duties as may be, provided for by Z,,law or. There is also maintained a Civil Engineering Department, through the aid of which is carried out such improvements in rivers an'dharbors as may be authorized by Congress.

The most of the subordinates and assistants in the War Department, except those mentioned, are officers of the Regular Army, who are paid salaries and p - erquisites. He looks after the arran 'crement of military forces ' superintends the recruiting service and discipline of the army, orders courts-martial, -and in a general sense is charged with seeing to the enforcement of the laws and regulations of the army. The AdjutantGeneral keeps the rolls and the orders issued.

The QuartermasterGeneral has charge of the barracks and the supplies, etc. The Com mi ssary- General is head bf the Subsistence Department, and has supervision over the'purchasing and issuing army rations. The Judge Advocate General is the head of the departmentof military justice. The Surgeon- General, as the- name implies, looks after the affair's of the army relating to sickwounded, hospital, etc. The Paymaster- General is the disbursing officer for the money required by the department. There is also the Ordnance office, controlling ordnance stores, arsenals, armories, the manufacture - of arms, etc.

The Topographical office has charge of all plats and drawings of all surveys made for military purposcs. Besides these there are the Ihspector-General'. The head of keach department receives ' his general instructions and orders from headquarters. The term of service in the Regular Army is five years. The pay of the. This department is charged with the duty of attending to the construction, armament, equipment and- employment of vessels of war, as-well as all other. The Secretary' of the Navy has direct control ofthe United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland; issues orders to the commanders of the various squadrons; ha s general au ' thority over the Marine Corps; and has control of all the several bureaus of the Navy Department.

There are a number of bureaus organized in the Navy Department for the purpose of more thoroughly handling the work, among the most important, of which may be mentioned the following: Attached to ihis department are also officials or bureaus to attend to the following matters: Marine Barracks, Washington, D.. The second assistant postmaster-general has charge of a number of divisions, indicated by the following officials who are under his control: The third assistant p ostm aste r- general has charge of thepostage stamp division and the finance division. The fourth assistant postmaster-general has control of a, number of divisions, as ind - icated by -the following officials who -are under his supervision.

Chief of the division of 'appointments, who is. In this department, as the name implies, is' conducted most of the public business relating to domestic or internal affairs, and, like -most of the other executive departments,-it is divided into a number of -subdivisions and branches. The Secretary of the Interior is charged with a general supervision over public business connected with the following branches, viz'.: The census of -the United States. All matters connectdd with public lands.

Everything relating to the Indians or Jndian affairs. All matters concerning pensions or bounty lands. The issuance and filing of patents and caveats. The -custody and distribution of publications. The compilation of -statistics relating to educational matters. He also has oversight over several of the Government's charitable and benevolent institutions. For the purpose of handling properly the business connected with most of the subjects mentioned, there are bureaus organized for the purpose.

The salaries paid to the principal officials connected with the Interior Department are as follows: The general duty and design of the Department of Agriculture is to acquire and diffuse among the people of the United States useful information on subjects connected with agriculture in the most general and comprehensive sense of that word, and to procure, propagate and distribute among the people new and valuable seeds and plants.

The following is a list of the chief officials connected with the Department of Agriculture and their salaries; and the list will also serve to indicate the various lines of work handled by and the various duties which devolve upon the department, viz.: The Attorney-General is the legal adviser of the President, and it is the duty of the Department of Justice to give all opinions and render all services requiring the skill of persons learned in the law necessary to enable the President and other officers of the various Government departments to discharge their respective duties.

This department is also required to prosecute or defend all suits or proceedings in which the United States is interested. Attorney-General has general supervision over all the solicitors for the various departments; and also exercises general superintendence and direction over all United States marshals and United States district attorneys of all the districts of the United States and Territories. Congress cannot suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corfxs except in cases ofrebellion or invasion when the public safety may require it.

No bill of attainder or ex fiost facto law can be passed. No tax or duty can be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference can be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another. No title of nobility can be granted. If he returns it with his objections, or vetoes it, the measure may be passed over his veto by a two-thirds vote of both branches of Congress. No person can be elected to the United States Senate who has not attained the age of thirty years, been nine' years a citizen of the United States, and is when elected an inhabitant of the State from which he is chosen.

The Senate has sole power to try all impeachments. Its consent and confirmation is necessary for all important officers appointed by the President. Its consent is also necessary to conclude any treaty.. Besides these, a delegate from each organized Territory is admitted to the House of Representatives, who is not entitled to vote, but has the right to debate on all subjects in which the Territory which he represents has an interest.

No person can be a representative who has not attained the age of twenty-five years, been for seven years a citizen of the United States, and is at the time of his election an inhabitant of the State from which he is chosen. All bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives. S follows very closely the general plan of government that prevails in national affairs. The various functions of government Sin State affairs are handled in departments, with a State officer at the head of each branch, and the lines are clearly drawn between the executive, legislative and judicial powers.

All the States are governed under a constitution, which outlines and defines the powers which each of these departments shall exercise and possess. All of the most important State officials are elected by the people, but in many of the States the less important offices are filled by appointment of the Governor, by and with the consent of the State Senate.

In case a vacancy should occur in the office of Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor would act as Governor until such vacancy was filled by election; and in all cases where the Lieutenant-Governor is unable to act as presiding officer of the Senate, a President fro temfore is chosen by that body. The Lieutenant-Governor has no vote in the Senat2 except in cases of a tie or equal division of the members. The office of Secretary of State is one-of the most imrportant offices within the gift of the people of a State, and the office exists under this name in every State in the Union. The Secretary of State may be said to be the official secretary of the Governor, and countersigns all commissions issued by the chief executive, and he is the custodian of the Great Seal of the State.

As a rule it is the duty of the Secretary of State to call the House of Representatives to order and preside until a temporary presiding officer, or Speaker, is elected. It is his duty to see that halls are prepared for the Legislature or General Assembly; he prepares the legislative manual and causes it to be printed and distributed; secures the printing and distribution of the State laws; indexes and files executive documents; provides and distributes election blanks; has charge of all books, bills, papers, etc. In all of the States the Secretary of State is ex-officio member of a number of the official State boards, but no list of these could be given that would apply to all States, as they are different in the various States.

The office of Auditor of State exists under one name or another in.: In a few of the States, including Michigan and Pennsylvania, the office is called Auditor-General, and in two of the States the public accounts are audited by a Board of Auditors. In all the States, however, the duties that devolve upon this branch of the State government are practically the same, and a general explanation of the scope of work handled by the State Auditor in one State will apply, except as regards minor details, to all of the States.

It is the duty of the State Auditor to keep the accounts of the State with any other State or Territory, and with the United States and all public officers, corporations and individuals having accounts with his State. He audits the accounts of all public officers who are to be paid out of the State Treasury, and all persons who are authorized to receive-money out of the State Treasury. In fact, all claims against the State which are to be paid out of the State Treasury must be presented to the Auditor, who, after the same is adjusted; issues warrants therefor payable at the Treasury.

A complete record of each warrant is kept by the Auditor, who also keeps an account with the State Treasurer, charging him with all moneys paid into the Treasury, and giving credit for all warrants paid, and the books and vouchers of the Treasury must balance therewith, as settlements are made between these two officers at stated intervals. In a number Of the States the Auditor is charged with a general supervision over certain corporations, such as insurance and banking corporations and building and loan associations, and in some States is ex-officio a member of a number of State boards.

He generally has authority to make and execute satisfactions of judgments and assignments thereof in behalf of the State. This is one of the most important executive offices in the gift of the people of a State. The State Treasurer handles vast sums of. The duties of the State Treasurer are implied by the title of the office, and they are very much'the same throughout all of the States of the Union.

The State Treasurer is custodian of all the State funds. He deposits these funds in banks, which give bonds to secure the Treasurer or State against loss, and which pay interest on daily balances. The Treasurer pays out State funds only on warrants issued or signed by the State Auditor, or other proper official, and a full record of all warrants is kept in both the auditingoffice and Treasurer's office. The plan by which the Treasurer receives the revenues of the State is different in different States.

In some States the Auditor issues an order for him to receive the same and charges the amount against the Treasury. In others he is charged with all moneys which he is entitled to receive, and then given credit for delinquencies. In still other States the Treasurer issues duplicate receipts for all moneys paid in, which must be countersigned 'by the Auditor to be valid, and one of these must be deposited with the Auditor, so he may charge the amount against the Treasurer.

In this way a double system is carried on-both Auditor and Treasurer keeping a full account of all moneys received and. In most of the States the State Treasurer is required to publish at stated times, in the newspapers at the capital, an itemized statement of the public accounts, expenditures, funds, receipts and disbursements.. He is also required to make a complete report and itemized statement to each session of the Legislature.

In nearly all of the States the law is very explicit in outlining the duties of the State Treasurer, the following being very"'common provisions in relation to the office, viz.: That a complete record of alli moneys must be kept,. In several of the States the Governor and one or two other State officials constitute a board, which must at certain times examine and check up the accounts, books and vouchers of the State Treasurer and ascertain the ammint of funds in the Treasury. Wy The Attorney-General, as the name implies, is the general legal counsel or lawyer for the various branches of the State government.

In all of the States the powers and duties of the Attorney-General are very similar. It is his duty to appear for the State in all actions and proceedings in the Supreme Court in which the State. It is his duty to consult with and advise the Governor and other State officers; and give, when requested, written opinions on legal or constitutional questions relating to their official duties, and to give written opinions when requested by the Legislature or any committee thereof. It is also his duty ": He is required to enforce the proper application of funds appropriated to the various qtate institutions, and prosecute breaches of trust in the administration of the same; and when very important branches of the National Government.

The head of this branch of public Union, and is elected by a direct vote of the people. The term of office work is the Public Printer, who is appointed by the President, and varies materially in the different States, ranging from two to six years. In most of the States, in addition to SDepartment of Labor. The general design of this department is to the salary named, the Governor is furnished With a residence, which is collect, assort and systematize statistical details relating to the different known as the "Executive Mansion.

The head of this department is The powers and duties that devolve upon the Governor are about known as the Commissionier of the Department of Labor, and he is paid the same in all of the States. The United States Supreme Court, consisting of as he may deem necessary and proper, and he is empowered to call extra one chief justice and eight associate justices; the United States Court sessions of that body whenever the public welfare may demand.

He of Claims, which consists of one chief justice and four judges; the accounts to the same body for all moneys received and paid out, and United States Circuit Court of Appeals; and the United States Circuit presentsestimates of amounts to be raised by taxation for various purand District Courts. All judges of United States Courts are appointed' poses. He has a negative or veto upon all laws passed by the Legisla for life, or during "'good behavior. He may require the opinion of the vanThe jurisdiction of the United States Courts extends to all cases in ous State officers upon any subject relating to their respective offices, and law and in equity arising under the Constitution, the laws of the United examines and approves the bonds of State officials.

In many States the States, and treaties; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public Governor has power to grant reprieves and pardons, after conviction, ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdic- for all offenses against the State except in cases of impeachment; but tion; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to in a few of the States the pardoning power is vested ina board selected controversies between two or more States; between a State and a citizen for that purpose, of which the Governor is generallyex-officio a member.

In all many cases if an elective office becomes vacant he has power to fill it cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and by appointment; has power in many States to suspend a State officer, or those in which a State is a party the Supreme Court has originaljurisdic- even a county officer, pending a legal investigation. The Governor issues tion. The office of Lieutenant-Governor does not exist in all of the States The constitution gives to Congress the following general powers: To in the Union, at least not under this name, as in a few of the States this lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises; pay the debts of the officer is only known as the President of the State Senate.

Erin necessary piosecute corporations for failure or refusal to comply with the laws; to prosecute official bonds of delinquent officers or corporations in which the State has an interest. The Attorney-General is required to keep a record of all actions, complaints, opinions, etc. This is an office which exists in nearly every State in the Union. In three or four of the States the management of the educational interests of the State is vested in a State Board of Education, but in these cases the secretary of the board assumes most of the detail work that in most of the States devolve upon the State Superintendent.

The full title given to this office is not the same in all of the States, but it is generally called "State Superintendent of Public Instruction or Public Schools. In many States his authority is not limited to the public schools, and he is authorized by law to demand full reports from all colleges, academies or private schools.

It is his duty to secure at regular intervals reports from all Spublic educational institutions and file all papers, reports and documents transmitted to him by local or county school officers. He is the general adviser and assistant of the various county superintendents or school officers, to whom he must give, when requested, his written opinion upon questions arising under the school law. It is also his duty to hear and determine controversies arising under the school laws coming to him by appeal from a county superintendent or school offitcial.

He prepares and distributes school registers, school blanks, etc. The State Superintendent is required to make a detailed report to each regular session of the State Legislature, showing an abstract of the common school reports; a statement of the condition of public schools and State educational institutions; the amount of money collected and expended, and all other matters relating to the schools or school funds that have been reported to him.

He is forbidden from becoming interested in the sale of any school furniture, book or apparatus. In nearly all of the States the laws provide for a State officer under the title of "State Librarian. The State Librarian is the custodian of all the books and property belonging to the State Library, and is required to give a bond for the proper discharge of his duties and safekeeping of the property intrusted to his care, as in many of the States the State Library is an immensely important and valuable collection.

In some of the States the Supreme Court judges prescribe all library rules and regulations. In others they have a Library Board of Trustees, which is sometimes made up of the Governor and certain other State officials, who constitute a board of commissioners for the management of the State Library. In nearly all of the. States provision is made for an Adjutant-General, who is either elected by the people-xr appointed by the Governor.

The name of the office implies the branch of work which is handled by its incumbent. It is the duty of the Adjutant-General to issue and transmit all orders of the Commander-in-Chief with reference to the militia or military organizations of the State. He'keeps a record of al. In some States it is known as Bank Comptroller and in others the duties which devolve upon this officer are handled by a "department" in the State Auditor's office. The general duties and plan of conducting this work, in many respects, is very similar, but there is a great difference between the various States in the officers who attend to it.

Where this is made a separate State office, generally speaking, the requirements are that he must be a skilled accountant and expert bookkeeper, and cannot be an officer of any of the public institutions, nor interested in any of the financial corporations which it may be his duty to examine. He is charged with the duty of visiting and inspecting.

In several of the States it is also made his duty to visit certain county officials at stated intervals, and inspect their books and accounts, and enforce a uniform system of bookkeeping by State and county officers.. In all of the States of the Union the department relating to insurance has grown to be an important branch of State government. The method of controlling the insurance business differs materially in many of the States, although they are all gradually moving in the same direction, viz. In former years, in nearly all of the States, the insurance business formed a department in the State Auditor's office, and was handled by him or his appointees.

Now, however, in nearly all the Northern States and many of the Southern States, they have a separate and distinct insurance department, the head of which is either elected by the people or appointed by the Governor. The duties and powers of the insurance department of the various States are very similar. A general provision is that the head of this department must be experienced in insurance matters, and he is prohibited from holding an interest in any insurance company. The Commissioner or Superintendent of Insurance has extensive powers concerning insurance matters, and it is his duty to see that all laws respecting and regulating insurance and insurance companies are faithfully observed; he issues licenses to insurance companies, and it is his duty to revoke the license of any company not conforming to the law.

Reports are made to him at stated times by the various companies, and he has power to examine fully into their condition, assets, etc. He files in his office the various documents relating to insurance companies, together with their statements, etc. In several, of-the States a "Commissioner of Labor Statistics" is appointed- by the Governor, who is the head of what may be termed the labor bureau.

In a great majority of the States, however, this branch of work is taken care of by a board of labor commissioners, a bureau of statistics or by the State Auditor and his appointees. The general design of this bureau or commission is to collect, assort and systematize, and present in regular reports to the Legislature, statistical details relating to the different departments of labor in the State, and make such recommendations as may be deemed proper and necessary concerning the commercial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary. In all of the States there exist one or more other State officers in addition to those already mentioned, which are made necessary by local condition or local business interests.

It is, therefore, unnecessary to mention any of these at length in this article. It may be stated, however, that in all of the States may be found two or more of the following State officers, and further, that each one of the following-named officers isfound in some State in the Union, viz.: Superintendent or commissioner of agriculture, commissioner of mines, secretary of agricultural board, secretary of internal affairs, clerk and reporter of the Supreme Court, commissioner of railways, commissioner of immigration, State printer, State binder, land agent or commissioner, commissioner, register or superintendent of State land office, register of lands, commissioner of schools and lands, surveyor-general, inspector-general, State oil inspector, dairy commissioner.

Besides the officers and departments which have already been mentioned, there are a number of State boards or bureaus that are necessary in carrying on the complex business connected with the government of a State. The following list of such State boards and bureaus includes all that can be found in the majority of the States; some of them, however, are only found in a few of the States, because they are of a local nature and are only made necessary by the existence of certain local conditions or'business interests. It will also be observed that some of the boards named cover the same line of work that has already been mentioned as belonging to some State officer.

This grows fromthe fact that a few of the States place the management of certain lines of work in the hands of a State board, while in others, instead of having a State board they delegate the powers and duties to a single State official. All of the States, however, have a number of the State boards mentioned in this list, the names of which imply the line of work each attends to, viz.: Railroad and warehouse commissioners, board of equalization, board or commission of agriculture, university trustees, board or commissioners of public charities, canal commissioners, penitentiary commissioners, board of health, dental examiners, trustees of historical library, board of pharmacy, commission ot claims, live stock commissioners, fish commissioners inspectors of coal mines, labor commissioners, board of education, board of public works, board of pardons, assessment commissioners.

The law-making power of every State is termed the "Legislative Department. In all of the States, however, a provision is made whereby the Governor may, on extraordinary occasions, call a special session by issuing a proclamation. The Legislative Department has the power to pass all such laws as may be necessary for the welfare of the State, and carry into effect the provisions of the constitution.

The Legislature receives the reports of the Governor, together with the reports of the various other State officers; they provide by appropriation for the ordinary and contingent expenses of the government, at regular times provided by law they apportion the State into political districts, and make all other provisions for carrying on the State government. There is a general prohibition against the passage of any ex fost facto law, or law impairt.

Any measure to become a law must be passed by both branches of the Legislature, and then be presented to the Gov-. It he withholds his approval or vetoes it , the measure may be repassed by a two-thirds vote of the Legislature, when it will become a law notwithstanding the Governor's veto. The various States are divided into senatorial districts, in each of which a Senator is elected-the term of office varying from two to four years. Except in three or four of the States the presiding officer of the Senate is the Lieutenant-Governor, although a President tro tern. The presiding officer has no vote, however, in the Senate, except when that body is equally divided.

Every Senator has one vote upon all questions, and the right to be heard in advocating or opposing the passage of any measure brought before the Legislature. In filling all of the most important State offices that are to be appointed by the Governor, the appointments must be approved or confirmed by the Senate. Like the Senators, every member of the House has the right to be heard in advocating or opposing any measure brought before the body of which he is a member. The House is given the sole power of impeachment, but all impeachments must be tried by the Senate.

As a general rule, thereis a provision that all bills for raising revenue must originate in the House. The "Judicial Department" is justly regarded as one of the most important and powerful branches of government of either the State or Nation, as it becomes the duty of this department to pass upon and interpret, and thereby either annul or give validity to all the most important measures and acts of both the legislative and executive branches of the government..

SIt is impossible in a general article to give a detailed review or description of the construction and make-up of the judicial departments of the various States. The courts are so differently arranged both as to their make-up and jurisdiction that it would be useless to try to give the reader a general description that would accurately cover the ground, In all of the States, except, possibly, one or two, the highest judicial authority of the State is known as the Supreme Court, and unless questions are involved which give the United States Courts jurisdiction, it is the court of last resort.

Generally these officers are elected by the people, either from the State at large or in three of the States as representing certain districts, but this is not the case-always, as in several States they are chosen by the Governor or Legislature. In all of the States the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction both in law and in equity, and has original jurisdiction in remedial cases, mandamus, habeas corpus and cases relating to the revenue, but there is no trial by jury in this court.

Various other courts are provided for by the laws of the different States, such as appellate courts, circuit or district courts, probate courts, county courts, superior courts, municipal courts, courts of justices of the peace,. The jurisdiction of all these courts is, of course, inferior to that 'of the Supreme Court. Besides these, where there are large cities, various other courts are also established to aid in caring for tne enormous amount of judicial work that arises from such vast and complex business interests.

The various courts are also provided with the necessary officials for carying on the judicial business-such as clerks of court, court reporters, bailiffs, etc. S 'O far as the principal county offices are concerned, the general arrangement and method of handling the public business is very much the same in all of the States; but the offices are called by different names, and in minor details-such as transfenr ing from one office to another certain minor lines of work-there are a number of points in which the method of county government in the various States differs.

The writer has adopted the names of the principal county offices which are most common in the Northern States, as in the Southern and New England States there are scarcely any two States in which the names or titles of all the county offices are identical. Generally the principal auditing officer of the county is known as the "county auditor" or " county clerk. A notable example of this is in the State of Michigan, where they have one official, under the simple title of V' clerk," who looks after about all of the work which in most of the States devolves upon both the county clerk and also clerk of court.

No county treasurer or member of the county board is eligible to this office. In general terms it may be stated as a rule the auditor acts as the clerk or secretary of the official county board, although in a few of the States the court clerk is required to look after this matter.

The clerk of the county board keeps an accurate record of the board's proceedings and carefully preserves all documents, records, books, maps and papers which may be brought before the board, or which the law provides shall be deposited in his office. In the auditing office an accurate account is kept with the county treasurer. Generally they file the duplicates of the receipts given by the county treasurer, charging him with all money paid into the treasury and giving credit for all warrants paid.

The general plan of paying claims against a county is as follows: If the claim is one in which the amount due is fixed by law, or is authorized to be fixed by some other person or tribunal, the auditor issues a warrant or order which will be paid by the treasurer, the certificate upon which it is allowed being duly filed. In all other cases the claim must be allowed by the county board, and the chairman or presiding officer issues a warrant or order which is attested by the clerk. A complete record of all these county warrants or orders is kept, and the accounts of the county treasurer must balance therewith.

The above in general terms outline the most important branch of work which the county clerk or county auditor looks after in most of the States, but in all of the States the law requires him to look after a number of other matters, although in these there is no uniformity between the various States, and no general description of these minor or additional duties could be given that would apply to all the States.

It is an elective office in all of the States, and the term of office is usually either two or four years, but a very common provision in the various States is that after serving for one term as county treasurer a party shall be ineligible to the office until the intervention of at least one term after the expiration of the term for which he was elected. This provision, however, does not exist in all of the States, as in some of them the county treasurer is eligible for re-election for any number of terms.

The general duties of the county treasurers throughout the various States is very similar. The county treasurer is the principal custodian of the funds belonging to the county. It is his duty to receive and safely keep the revenues and other public moneys of the county, and all funds authorized to be paid to him, and disburse the same pursuant to law. He is required to keep proper books of account, in whichhe must-keep a regular, just and true account of all moneys, revenues and funds received by him, stating particularly the time, when, of whom and on What fund or account each particular sum was received; and also of all moneys, revenues and funds paid out by him according to law, stating particularly the time when, to whom and on what fund payment is made from.

The books of the county treasurer must always be subject to the inspection of the county board, which, at stated intervals, examines his boo0 ynd makes settlements with him. In some of the States the provisiorn f the law relating to county treasurer are very strict; some of them provide for a county board of auditors, who are expected, several times a year, to examine the funds, accounts and vouchers of the treasury without previous notice to the treasurer; and in some it is provided that this board, or the county board, shall designate a bank or banks in which the treasurer is required to keep the county funds deposited-the banks being required to 'pay interest on daily or monthly balances and give bond to indemnify the county igainst loss.

As a general rule the county treasurer is only authorized to pay out county funds on warrants or orders issued by the chairman of the county board and attested by the clerk, or in certain cases on warrants or orders of the county auditing office. A complete record of these warrants or orders is kept, and the treasurer's accounts must balance therewith. In a few of the States the office of county recorder or register of deeds is merged with some other county office, in counties where the population falls below a certain amount.

A notable example of this is found in both the States of Illinois and Missouri and there are others , where it is merged with the office of circuit clerk in many counties. The title of the joint office is " circuit clerk and recorder," and the duties of both offices are looked after by one official. The duties of the county recorder or register of deeds are very similar in the various States, although in some of the. Eastern and Southern States the office is called by other names. The usual name, however, is county recorder or register of deeds. In many States he' is 'forbiddlen to enter a deed on the records until it has been endorsed " taxes paid" by the proper official; he is required to exhibit, free of charge, all records, and allow copies to be made; he is authorized to administer oaths and take acknowledgments.

In nearly all of the States, each county elects a " clerk of court or courts," sometimes also known as circuit clerk or district clerk, indic'ating the court with which the office is connected. In Dome of the States, as has already been stated, the office of clerk of court is merged with some other county office. This is the case in Illinois and Missouri, where in man. I-ri Michigan, one official under the name of "clerk " handles the business which usually is given to the clerk of court and county clerk or auditor. It is the clerk's duty to keep the seals and attend the sessions ot their respective courts, preserve all the files a 'nd papers thereof, make, keep and preserve complete records of all the proceedings and determinations there-.

They must enter of record all judgments, decrees and orders of the court as soon as possible after they are rendered; keep all indictments on file as a public record, have authority to administer oaths, take acknowledgments; take and certify depositions, and are required. In nearly all the States the law defines the character of the record books which the clerk of court must keep. Although there is no settled rule in this matter, the general provisions are that' he shall keep: First, a general docket or register of actions, in which is entered the title of each action.

The term of office'varies- in different States, being -usually either two or four years, and in several of the States one party cannot hold the office a second term consecutivvcy. The general provisions outlining, he duties pertaining to this office are very much alike in the various States, and the following ' -esumze of his duties may be said to apply to all of the various States except in a few minor and unimportant details. The sheriff is charged with the duty of kleeping and preserving the peace ift his county; or,? He is a court officer', and it is his duty to attend, a board of county examiners or school commissioners, who are given considerable of the work that in most of the other States is handled by the county superintendent.

The incumbent of this office is charged with a general supervision over'the schools of'the county, and must be a fitting person as to education and moral character. As a rule it is their duty to examine and license teachers, but in a few of the States provi'sion is made for a board of examiners.. County "superintendents are required to visit and inspect- the. They are required to. Pproved plans of building and ventilating school-houses, etc.. They'receive reports from the various school officers, and transmit an abstract. In nearly all the States they are forbidden having any interest in the sale of any school- furniture, Apparatus or books used in the schools.

There is a great difference between the various States in the method of handling or attending to the legal business relating to county matters or growing from county affairs. In many of the States the official who. In a few of the State -s they divide the State. But whatever plan may'be'followed in the various States, and whatever title may be given to this office, the general duties of the office are very much the same. When requested, he is required to attend sessions of the grand jury examine witnesses in their presence, give legal advice and see that proper subpcenas and processes are issued; draw up indictments and prosecute the same The county attorney is required, when requeste'd by the Attorney-General, to appear for the State in cases in his county in which the State is interested.

The county attorney makes an annual report to his superior State officer of all the criminal cases prosecuited by him. The method of handling probate matters is not uniform throughout the various States. In' many States the higher courts are giv. In a majority of the States, however, particularly the Western and Northern States, they elect a county or a probate judge, who holds court and handles the probate matters which arise within his county.

In some of the States they have both a county. In Michigan, they have aprobate judge and a probate register. The probate jvidge is generally given original jurisdiction in all matters' of probate, settlement of estatebs of deceased persons, appointment of guardians and conserva-, tors and settlement of their accounts.

They take proof of wills, direct the adminiftration of estates, grant-and revoke letters testamentary and of administration, appoint and remove guardians, etc. It is the duty of the county surveyor to execute any survey which may be ordered by any court, or upon application. Nearly all of the States provide that certain records shall be kept by the county sur-, veyor, and provide penalties for his failure to place on record the surveys made -by him. While he is the official county surveyor, yet. This is another county office which exists in nearly all of the States.

In general terms it may be stated that the coroner is required to hold inquests over the bodies of persons supposed to have n et with violent or unnatural deaths. In most S 'tates he has power to impanel a jury to enquire into the cause -of death; but in some of themn this is n ot the case, and he is given power to act alone.

He can subpcena witnesses; administer oaths;- in certain cases provide for a decent burial, and can bind over to the proper court an,y person implicated in the kill;rug of the deceased. There- are, however, a f ew other county officials besides those mentioned which exist in many of the States, and which should be briefly mentioned in thi's connection.

These are such offices as county physician, county assessor, county collector, is.

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One of their number is always chosen as chairman or president, and acts as the presiding -officer. The county board has general charge, over the affairs of the county.. They locate county roads; determine the amount of county tax, and regularly publish a statement of their proceediprgs; make statements of receipts; expenditures-, etc. In many of the States the. But even where they have township organization the plan of township government in the different States where it exists differs so widely that scarcely any two States may be' said to be alike.

Every organized township in its corporate capacity has pow. In other States they follow a plan which reserves to tthe people all corporate and legislative powers, and tbe-reffore have no need for a township board, but have various other township officers to carry out the wishes and orders of the voters.

Where this plan prevails they hold what is generally termed "'town meetings,"' at which every legal voter of the township has a voice. At these meetings reports are had from the various township officials, and the necessary measures are adopted and directions given for carrying'on the township business. In many of the States the township board just described is made up of three or more of the other.

The principal officials in township organizations in nearly all the States are the following: It will be the aim in thias article to briefly explain the principal. Where this plan is fo ilowed the boundaries of each district. They elect a fall set of district officials, 'and exercise their corporate powers and manage their district afiairs within themselves.

In this plan the corporate powers of the district are usually vested in a district board. This board is generally clothed with the corporaite powers, hire's teachers, provides fuel and supplies and makes all the contracts necessary to carry on the various schools in the township. These unaddressed needs are even further neglected because of rising costs of incarceration, resulting in a reduction of programming developed to address these issues i. Throughout the s, the Get Tough on Crime approach led to a substan- tial increase in the number of individuals incarcerated at both the federal and state levels.

Department of Justice, Because of this population increase, housing and medical care provided for these offenders placed significant strain upon respective cor- rectional budgets. Once released, offenders often return to impoverished areas, and this places further financial and social burdens on such communities. The vast majority of individuals released from incarceration have no pre- arranged housing secured Raphael, Therefore, offenders attempting to success- fully transition into society face enormous barriers that likely contributed to their incarcerated offense initially and find themselves in no better shape to effectively manage challenges because they were faced with limited-to-no programming opportunities while incarcerated.

Furthermore, there is a continuing need to understand what perceived and actual barriers may exist for those who are considered successful when re-entering society. The present study examines what perceived and actual challenges offenders have experienced when re-entering society those offenders who have been deemed as successful by two respective offender-based non-profit organi- zations.

This study can potentially result in a more comprehensive under- standing of what barriers exist for all offenders, whether they are successful or not, as they attempt to successfully reenter society. This paper provides an overview of the prior literature pertaining to barriers for successful reen- try i. Barriers to Successful Reentry Education. Perhaps more important than graduation rates, the National Institute for Literacy found that 7 in 10 inmates operate at the lowest levels of mathematical and prose literacy; they struggle at reading basic media such as brochures and newspapers or computing basic mathematical calculations ETS, Overall poor levels-of-education have also been attributed to offenders as a reason for their inability to obtain employment upon release, making reentry yet more stressful and difficult Holzer et al.

The second of the four research- identified basic needs of offenders is obtaining and maintaining employ- ment. Having a criminal record and the resulting stigma of being an offender can serve as a major barrier to obtaining employment LeBel, ; Pager, Furthermore, Pager et al. One primary reason why employers refrain from hiring ex-offenders is that legislation in many states restricts offenders from obtaining licensure for approximately different occupations including teaching, nursing, and cosmetology Cromwell et al.

When offenders are less educated and struggle with basic reading, writ- ing and math skills, there will likely be less desire to employ an individual with such issues. Compounding these considerations even further are legal issues associated with hiring a convicted offender that may place even fur- ther restrictions on how the tasks and in which role such individuals can be used within a business. Therefore, the combination of educational and em- ployment issues certainly contribute to the third main barrier to successful reentry, the difficulty of obtaining and maintaining stable housing.

The fourth frequently identified basic need that is a barrier to successful reentry is a lack of transportation. It is this interactional effect that makes offender reentry such a difficult issue to address. This is a substantial population of offenders who are being tracked by correctional officials who must hold them accountable and encourage them to refrain from crime.

Since research began on offender re-entry in the s, research has shown the four basic needs i. As a result, programming has been specifically developed to address each of these four basic needs. Nu- merous other programming opportunities have also been developed at the local level to address these identified needs. There are a multitude of federal, state, and local level programming efforts in place throughout the United States designed to assist offenders in the process of reentry.

Evaluations of reentry programs show that some programs work well, others not so well Visher, Winterfield and Coggeshall, Therefore, the expansion of research into other areas affect- ing successful offender reentry beyond the four commonly identified basic needs is crucial to both fully understanding what it takes for an offender to successfully reenter society and for altering re-entry programming accord- ingly to ultimately improve recidivism rates.

The Present Study Traditionally studied components of successful reentry i. The goal of the present study is to identify any significant needs that success- ful offenders have experienced in making a successful community reentry. Methods The current study involves one-on-one interviews of former offenders who successfully transitioned back into society. Additionally, these individu- als were active participants in Prison Fellowship and a second non-profit organization, Project Return, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Project Return is designed to assist offenders with securing employment, housing, and other basic survival needs upon release. Responses collected reflect what former offenders who successfully transitioned back into society recognized as be- ing necessary components for preventing recidivism. Data collection took place between the late spring and early summer of Overview of the programs. Respondents for the present study were active in both of the two similar, yet distinct programs.

The first, a branch of Prison Fellowship, is a non-profit, Christian, faith-based ministry located throughout the US that operates both inside and outside of prisons. Prison Fellowship seeks to provide offenders with a social support system of fellow offenders and stresses the importance of surrounding current and former offenders with a Christian community that emphasizes mentorship and ac- countability.

The second program, Project Return, is also a faith-based non- profit organization designed to provide various services to released offend- ers. Participants in both organizations were former offenders who had been incarcerated in jail or prison at some point in their lives. All participants were considered by each respective organization to be success- ful former offenders; they met the criteria of having been released from in- carceration for a minimum of three years and had no known new arrest s , conviction s , or parole violation s. Participants included both those still under formal supervision i.

Participants from Prison Fellowship actively knew and socialized with one another, whereas participants from Project Return did not. Pseudonyms were assigned to the respondents in order to conceal their identities. Data for the study were collected via face-to-face inter- views with offenders from the two organizations identified and previously described.

A semi-structured inter- view guide was implemented to navigate discussion around key themes. The interview guide focused on the following themes: Interviews were audio-recorded and then transcribed in full. Transcripts were analyzed using content analyses and principles of analytic induction of a grounded theory approach to identify key themes and concepts Charmaz, , Once themes emerged, tran- scripts were reread multiple times to ensure accuracy and completeness of each identified theme.

Each subsequent reading focused on a specific theme i. Results reflect the main themes and concepts of the data. Results Since the goal of the present study is to identify any significant needs that successful offenders have experienced in making a successful commu- nity reentry, the specific focus went beyond the components traditionally studied i.

The primary themes that emerged were that no substantial difficul- ties exist in securing most necessary resources i. Findings overwhelmingly demonstrate that often-identified obstacles to re-entry in prior research are seemingly not as difficult as has been sug- gested. Among the four most commonly identified needs, transportation was reported as somewhat more difficult to secure, but was also adequately provided by the two non-profit social service agencies.

Among the most frequently expressed desired forms of social support were a mentor to guide them to make everyday decisions, peers with whom to share struggles, and a support system to hold them accountable for their lifestyle and behavior. The overarching theme present is that individuals reintegrating into society need structure in all aspects of their lives beyond the rules imposed by parole restrictions, even when they are provided the four most commonly identified needs across the litera- ture.

Therefore, less emphasis needs to be placed upon traditionally identi- fied components for successful re-entry; the programming must go beyond securing employment, education, housing, and transportation to meet the need for expanded social support in the form of a community environment providing accountability to all participants.

Ease of obtaining basic needs. Previous reentry research and related programming have consistently emphasized the importance of recently re- leased offenders obtaining employment, stable housing, and reliable trans- portation to facilitate successful re-entry and reduce the likelihood of recidi- vism.

However, the importance and difficulties in obtaining such resources for this sample of successfully transitioned offenders was presented as only a minor difficulty. One respondent, Thomas, reflected on how he did not be- lieve the felon label served as a hindrance for obtaining employment: I looked them up, and it took about a week to find them. From the restaurant field to a credit analyst.

From a credit analyst to a program manager for a youth development cen- ter. From there a public speaker for [name of organization] in the schools doing public speaking or holding training events for the department of corrections. Beyond basic needs 49 Nearly two-thirds John discussed that even though the jobs might not be the most desirable, that a convicted felon could still find employment opportunities through such agencies.

Adam, a former Catholic priest incarcerated for child sex offenses, also discussed how he was hired the first place where he applied, and that he had two job offers on the same day that were several dollars above mini- mum wage. Similarly, Jared stated that he received a minimum of 10 different jobs through temporary services agencies and was able to choose the one he desired most, eventually remaining for nearly five years until moving into a permanent job with a non-profit faith-based organization.

Individuals who had worked specifically with Project Return often found permanent jobs with non-profit agencies through contacts met while doing speaking engagements for Project Return. There were multiple individuals Jared suggested an explanation for this: However, their status as a felon is a realized potential impediment if such opportunities were not available. The vast majority of offenders also reported few, if any, substantial dif- ficulties securing housing upon release.

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One female respondent, Audrea, who was convicted for operating an escort service, mentioned that through her involvement in a church, she was able obtain a house on her second day of release and was even able to pay for her rent at her apartment and other bills when she says: Out of nowhere, out of nowhere, you know, those are my miracles. Julie stated that she, also, had little difficulty finding a place to live.

Transportation is most important to ensure that individuals are able to travel to and from work. Although many individuals discussed having difficulty obtaining transportation initially, it usually was provided via a non-profit agency or a social contact initiated through the assistance of a ministry.

The importance of employment and housing access was not problematic for those acknowledged as successful former offenders. Even though these individuals reported relative ease in obtaining many of the emphasized necessary resources i. Individuals remarked that re- entry programs did not provide for other key needs ranging from a social support system to accountability in an unstructured environment. However, the lack of a strong social support system was the most frequently men- tioned need absent in reentry programs.

Specifically, even after having the basic needs provided for them, individuals still reported that they needed social support. This lack of assistance can include moral and financial support in addition to trust. An example of an individual who did not have the need- ed family support throughout her life, Linda discussed running away from home at the age of 9 and joining a gang because of her abusive father.

She would often commit a new offense just to escape her home life by becoming institutionalized. Audrea became a prostitute at the age of 19 to support both herself and her child because she found no other viable avenues for financial help. Another respondent, Thomas, discussed some of the difficulties with trust growing up because when he was age six and his brother was eight, they were raped by a family friend who attended his church. It is through life experiences with peers, family members, and other individuals where unre- liable social support can surface and often serves as the reported impetus for individuals to begin their criminal careers.

As a result, they continue to participate in a criminal way of life because of the lack of these social support systems. They expressed the desire to belong to something, to be a part of a community, and above all, to feel like they had a purpose in life. However, the nature of or the legal restrictions imposed upon many respondents due to their offense s often served as a barrier for continued social support. Furthermore, such legal re- strictions can obstruct any potential for reconciliation. One example is Thomas, who was incarcerated for a sex offense with a minor he mentored at church—ironically, the same offense he cited as being a victim of.

I have difficulties in people that I once knew, you know. Similarly, yet not related to a sexual offense, Paul referenced not being al- lowed contact with his ex-wife and children after a domestic violence incident. Building upon this notion, a former Catholic priest, Adam, once incarcerated for sex offenses with several minors that included a family member, reiterated difficulties resulting from offenses.

Linda also discussed not being able to maintain contact with her children during incarceration due to her offense and the lack of subsequent family support. I never seen my father. He never came up. Isolation does not only arise from the actions of others, however. Some offenders reported choosing to isolate themselves from any fragment of family support possible for a variety of reasons. One example is John, who served approximately 20 years for an undisclosed offense; he stated that he cut off his contact with family once he realized they could no longer assist him.

I decided, and I told my wife—she was a very special person— but she had to live her life too. Beyond basic needs 53 Steven also discussed how he made the decision to cut all ties to friends and family because he found the looming sentence and potential restrictions too discouraging.

So I really, so I consciously made a decision to cut off any kind of contact with anybody that I might have had before, before I went to prison. Offenders like John, Charlie, and Steven found seeing family members while incarcerated too upsetting or the restrictions placed upon them too troubling and elected to manage such stress through a focus on doing their time without outside distractions. Although some offenders might choose this option, the majority of offenders did not have the luxury of remaining in touch with social contacts. The vast majority of all respondents reported being transferred multiple times throughout their incarceration, contributing to the difficulties involved in maintaining con- tact with friends and family that could potentially help with incarceration and reentry.

Ste- ven emphasized the need to abide by halfway house rules because he did not have family and friends in the area to help. Faith based resources filling the gap. It is because of these issues—of- fense, poor family support, institutional transfers restricting mobility—that the individuals in the present sample sought social support mainly through non-profit faith-based prison ministries.

Thomas said, I just got with a certain knit group and they were Christian going to church, so I got with that group, you know, and just did my church thing and come back…so that group just seemed to be just a real sensible group to me. Somehow I can share something that might enlighten somebody. I did a lot of correspondence, Bible courses. I would, I really kept my mind on that most of the time, you know. I stayed around positive people. Those were great because here you have people that have taken time out of their lives, you know.

Who could be doing a million other things, but they come in- side the prison trying to help me. John summarized his experience with the importance of these faith-based ministries for providing social support: I had people who were willing to work with me when I got out. Help me, you know, find a job with housing and everything else. The themes discussed convey the variety of offenses that offenders struggle with; and struggles can be somewhat assuaged by consistent and reliable social support both while they are incarcerated and upon subse- quent release and reentry.

Across the present sample, offenders expressed seeking a sense of community where they felt that they could contribute and be both functional and valued members. Faith-based ministries both helped connect them with the necessary resources to survive, while simultaneously delivering a social support system that provided accountability.

It is this pro- vision of accountability that is seen as the most crucial offering for offenders as they reenter to an unstructured society. Accountability in an unstructured society. Many of the offenders re- ported having extreme difficulty returning to society upon release from prison, but these difficulties were related to a perceived lack of social sup- port and a lack of structure present in society rather than barriers to access- ing survival resources.

For offenders leaving incarceration—where essential- ly all of their basic needs are provided for them—a return to free society with none of the daily needs or tasks directly delivered to them causes the offend- ers to commonly experience a sense of anomie and anxiety. These emotions compound when individuals consider how, when, and where to find a routine and structure to life.

In essence, the effects of years of institutionalization are met head-on upon returning to society. Such struggles include every- thing from knowing when to eat, how to wash their clothes, understanding how contemporary telephones operate and not knowing how to operate a personal computer or compact disc player. Most of these struggles center on managing and fulfilling the responsibilities that accompany daily living in free society.

Scott, who served a sentence for burglary, provided an overview of the negative effects of institutionalization on hindering reentry success and the need to obtain new social support. As a matter of fact. The effects of institutionalization are especially strong for those who have been incarcerated for lengthy periods, especially those who have liter- ally spent the majority of their life incarcerated or in some way institutional- ized. As one such individual, Linda explained her experiences: I know I started off as a kid. Um, foster homes, group homes and stuff like that, and I think my situation is different.

When I started to go because I started to go into the system to get away from the abuses and things like that in my home…a lot of the times that I went to jail was to get away from my father because he was really abusive. When I got into my teens, I look at it now, maybe I was institutionalized. So, I believe that between the age of seven-and-a-half and 18, I probably spent maybe a year-and-a-half free.

These same ideas and needs were also evident in the experiences of Paul who stated that his struggles upon re-entry when he had no real means of social support were only compounded with the unfamiliar responsibilities of living in free society: I have nobody, except me, so why am I doing this? Why am I here? Why do I have to worry about all these problems and these issues, these responsibilities?

Beyond discussing the effects of institutionalization and the need for so- cial support, this example also introduces another subtheme of the needs for structure and accountability. Here is yet another example of the need for structure and accountability among offenders upon release.

That was good money in my pocket and nothing to do with it. And I dove off, I fell off, got a little depressed and went down and ended up doing some cocaine from there. Charlie shared this belief that a mentor, more structure, and positive social support could have played in reducing his chance of recidivating. He discussed that he was able to se- cure a job and his own apartment and still recidivated.

I had my own apartment, paying my bills, I got a ride and everything. And I was doing that for years, until…you know what it was? I began to get bored, you know. These examples demon- strate the need for an organization to assist offenders with their transitions back into society by providing structure, accountability, and social support, especially when no one else will or can do so.

We introduce the notion that at least some offenders returning to society secure the components generally believed as being difficult to obtain and essential to successful reentry with relative ease Hahn, ; Holzer, et al. However, even with the main material items provided, these offenders still report struggles due to the lack of social support, accountability, and structure in free soci- ety. The need for social support and a community environment that provides such services and conditions leads at least some offenders to seek support through faith-based organizations.

The first main finding in this study is that especially with assistance, some offenders obtain the highly emphasized components of employment, housing, and transportation with relative ease, but continue to struggle with the social aspects of reentry even though they have these basic needs ad- dressed. Specifically, securing a sense of support and adjusting to new rou- tines or lack of such were the most common struggles successful offenders had. Additionally, participants of Project Return often secured permanent employment with non-profit agencies while doing speaking engagements for the organization.

Furthermore, faith-based non-profit agencies often provided housing to offenders in a halfway house , or offenders were able to find their own housing through contacts made in their new social networks arising out of faith-based organizations. When basic needs are secured, focus should turn to the provision of so- cial support systems.

This will help offenders share with others and identify those have gone through or are currently facing similar situations. Addition- ally, these groups often provide individuals with a mentor who can assist recently released them on a one-on-one basis beyond what a parole officer typically does. Consequently, re-entry programming needs not only to focus on providing the physical, economic and structural resources to live, but also should become more holistic by addressing the social and emotional aspects of life, as suggested by the second major finding of the need for social support upon release.

Social support has also been identified as being a part of larger social- structural factors in society that can be influenced by such issues as weak institutional support and resource deprivation Turanovic et al. Con- sequently, these issues both influence factors leading to incarceration and also act as negative effects of incarceration, thus creating an endless cycle for an environment conducive to criminal behavior Turanovic et al.

The second major finding of the present study is that offenders who have successfully transitioned from incarceration to society identify the need to have a social support system in place to assist with this transition. Many of- fenders have experienced poor social support throughout their lives which contributes to feelings of inadequacy and emptiness. Furthermore, such feel- ings oftentimes lead to drugs, crime, and recidivism. However, in the present study, individuals were able to identify faith-based offender ministries that provided them with a support system of pro-social individuals who in turn assisted them with transition- ing back into society.

Because of this social support system, many offenders found stable housing beyond halfway houses or homeless shelters and em- ployment opportunities. Moreover, offenders located individuals who were going through similar trials and tribulations in their own lives and who could provide mutual support. Within these groups, they could ask for advice, have others hold them accountable, and who could provide a sense of belonging absent prior to their involvement with the group.

Social needs are of critical importance for successful reentry, above and beyond the traditionally considered aspects of providing recently released offenders with basic resources. Even when offenders have employment and housing, they may still be likely to recidivate if they do not have a support group to rely upon when facing social and emotional struggles. These findings as well as those in the present study suggest that re-entry programming needs to offer pro-social support from others in a community atmosphere similar to those offered in faith-based ministries, especially when considering that offenders often re- turn to a community void of adequate social support as a result of structural deficiencies.

These structural inadequacies further hinder the development of adequate social support and thus contribute to high recidivism rates. Re- entry efforts should be coordinated to ensure a more holistic set of services. Additionally, parole officers and social workers need to be aware of the im- portance of social support and programs that offer such support to further assist offenders with reentry. The third major finding of the current study is that many offenders may be suffering from effects of being institutionalized after they return to free society.

As others have shown Cromwell et al. The struggles encountered in such situations have the potential to compound lead the offender to recidivate in the process of searching for a sense of familiarity, such as the seemingly at- tractive lifestyle with little-to-no responsibility often found within an insti- tutional setting.

This places the two previous findings into a stronger and more compre- hensive perspective. Offenders not only need help obtaining the basic re- sources needed to survive, but they also need to be taught how to survive in free society without recidivating. This can be especially challenging in an unstructured, resource-deprived environment suffering from issues of col- lective efficacy where the offender is accustomed to living in a highly struc- tured environment Turanovic et al.

Physical resources and employ- ment to provide continued sustenance are the bare essentials, but are of no use when individuals do not know how to adequately apply them. Therefore, a system that provides accountability and structure while simultaneously encouraging and facilitating independence and self-sustenance is essential for reentry success. There are three key policy implications suggested by the present study.

The first implication is that there should be more re-entry programming opportunities that offer social support for offenders returning to society as their central component. The second policy implication is that parole officers should place more emphasis on connecting recently released offenders to support groups containing successful former offenders.

Although offenders in the current study accomplished this primarily through faith-based offender ministries, this does not necessarily mean that parole officers must refer the offender to faith-based ministries. Other potential social support programs include Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, and independent post-release support services offered by community-based organizations.

A third policy implication is that partnerships need to be developed be- tween various organizations that either solely focus on providing resources or a support group for recently released offenders in order to provide a more comprehensive treatment plan for those returning to society. Although this study has provided useful information regarding success- ful offender reentry into society, the research is not without limitations.

The first limitation of the present study is that all participants were active members of a prison ministry community. These individuals were specifi- cally identified by their respective organizations and were deemed to have successfully reentered society. Therefore, the relative ease reported when seeking the four often-identified resources may be because these individuals were more likely to take the initiative when seeking organization resources, thus increasing their proclivity to be successful. A second potential limitation is that this study does not include those who have failed, as compared to those offenders viewed as having successfully reentered society.

Inclusion of those who failed would provide a stronger backdrop in which to examine why successful individu- als are indeed successful. A third potential limitation is that since the major- ity of these offenders self-identified as being religious, they may have been more inclined to suggest social support as a necessity since community is a large component of most religions. From these findings, it is demonstrated that in order for offenders to have a successful reentry, they need to move beyond simply obtaining em- ployment and housing.

Struggling with the effects of institutionalization, offenders not only require some sense of structure in their lives, but may also need someone to assist them as they make everyday and oftentimes mundane decisions. This will ensure that offenders do not fall back into old habits or begin as- sociating with old friends involved with criminal behavior, especially with such opportunities present in these often socially and economically deprived communities.

Although this study has provided information on successful offender reentry beyond traditionally identified characteristics, future re- search should continue to examine the relationship between social support and recidivism to better understand its full impact on successful reentry in both faith-based and non-profit organizations. However, the group was relatively diverse in age and race. Also, education lev- els were not explicitly mentioned by any participant in the present study as being a barrier to successful reentry. With most of the sample reporting that obtaining em- ployment was not as difficult as prior research leads one to believe, this may help explain why these individuals reported greater overall success obtaining employment.

Additionally, this may help explain why these in- dividuals were successful in their re-entry, and yet why employment may remain as a barrier for many ex-offenders today. Addressing the challenge of community reentry among released inmates with serious mental illness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45 3 , Trends in substance abuse and treatment needs among inmates final report to the National Institute of Justice.

Estimating drug treatment needs among state prison inmates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77, Beyond basic needs 63 Berg, M. Reentry and the ties that bind: An examination of social ties, employment, and recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 28, Corrections Today, 72, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

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A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Landlord attitudes toward renting to released offenders. Issues in the application and study of social support. A study of the post- release experiences of discharged prisoners. British Journal of Criminology, 34, The current state of correctional education. Community-based corrections 6th ed. Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: Presidential address to the Academy for criminal justice sciences. Justice Quarterly, 11, How does childhood economic disadvantage lead to crime?

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Ex-offender needs versus community opportunity in Seattle, Washington. Federal Probation, 61, Employer demand for ex- offenders: Recent evidence from Los Angeles. Criminal careers in the short-term: Intra-individual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances. American Sociological Review, 60, Early lessons from the Ready4Work Reentry Institute. The goals of corrections: Criminal Justice Review, 28, Labor market conditions and violent crime among youth and adults.

Sociological Perspectives, 47, Old criminal records and predictions of future criminal involvement. Recidivism of prisoners released in Federal Sentencing Reporter, 15, Prisoner reentry and residential mobility Policy brief prepared for the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center. The Prison Journal, 92, Sex offender residence restrictions: Unintended consequences and community reentry. Justice Research and Policy, 9, Reentry for serious and violent offenders: An analysis of program attrition.

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Examining the predictors of recidivism among men and women released from prison in Ohio. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37, Beyond basic needs 65 Mallik-Kane, K. Health and prisoner reentry: How physical, mental, and substance abuse conditions shape the process of reintegration. Probation and Parole in the United States, Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs: Prison visitation and recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 29 6 , Developing and implementing automated risk assessments in parole.

Felon disenfranchisement and voter turnout. The Journal of Legal Studies, 33, National Institute for Literacy. The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, , Barriers to employment facing young black and white men with criminal records. Housing needs of ex-offenders. Public safety and reintegration challenges. The Prison Journal, 81, When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry.

What works in prisoner reentry? Reviewing and questioning the evidence. Federal Probation, 68, Ex-offenders returning home after prison. Corrections Today, 67, Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in US incarceration.

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