Marys Parrot and Tarmi Learns A Lesson

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Amazon Restaurants Food delivery from local restaurants. ComiXology Thousands of Digital Comics. East Dane Designer Men's Fashion. Shopbop Designer Fashion Brands. Withoutabox Submit to Film Festivals. Amazon Renewed Refurbished products with a warranty. Amazon Second Chance Pass it on, trade it in, give it a second life. As soon as the Prince and the other pilgrims had landed 1 Smnto Miste, Ref. Smato Mide , Ref. After the expiry of the ten or twelve days, he was to go to Jaffa, embark the pilgrims, and then rejoin the other galleys at Bey rout. For in a bishop was sent to Venice by King John to ask leave on his behalf to invest in some of the Venetian State loans.

The amount of the passage money was to be agreed on between the Patrono and the heads of the Quarantia and the Savij. The space to be allotted to the distinguished pilgrims on the galley was expressly specified in the decree. Maggior Consiglio, Leons, Reg. Similar concessions were also made in later years. Meanwhile, in , all questions and disputes which should arise between pilgrims to the Holy Land, Rome or elsewhere, and the captain-owners, or between these and the missetce or others, had been placed under the juris- diction of the magistrates of the Cattaveri , who were empowered to make provisions on all matters relating to the pilgrims whenever they thought necessary.

They had also authority to appoint, suspend, dismiss and generally supervise the conduct of these agents.

The Venetian Government realised very clearly that if these were unjustly treated, reprisals might follow at the expense of the persons and goods of Venetian subjects abroad, and diplomatic difficulties might be created which would involve the State in serious complications. The whole matter was the more delicate and hedged with dangers, because many noble pilgrims, in sign of humility, or to fulfil a vow, or to protect themselves from Saracen extor- tion and even imprisonment, travelled in disguise, and their identity was not always revealed to the officers of the Serenissima before their departure from Venice.

Patroni , agents and guides, however, careless of political and other consequences, and intent only on enriching themselves at the expense of the numerous 1. Their at- tempts provoked fresh legislation, which, in , attacked the shipowners who carried pilgrims without having a license to do so, reformed the Piazza guides, and dealt again with the contracts. The Cattaveri were, as usual, em- powered to watch over the execution of the decree and levy the fines on the transgressors. The profits were divided into two parts: All sums were to be given in as soon as received, and the gains were to be divided among the whole body of the guides every month.

Many had, however, neglected to take their turn in the Piazza, and even absented themselves from the city without leave— evidently counting on their share of the monthly division of profits even if they failed to do their duty. Others had not given a faithful account of what they had received or handed in the money at the right time.

The Cattaveri were naturally besieged with complaints of guides against guides, and of Patroni and pilgrims against the guides. Second, that if any guide wished to absent himself from the city he must first obtain a license from the Cattaveri. Third, that each tholomarius must take his weekly turn in the Piazza, and anyone who failed to do so was to be reported to the office of the Cattaveri, where he would have a bad mark, and for every such mark be fined twenty small soldi. A guide who reported a companion was to inform the latter within eight days.

Further, the office of the Cattaveri was daily annoyed and over- burdened by complaints of the Missctcc or agents, who declared that the Patroni did not pay them their due. It was therefore enacted in December, As usual, the law was evidently broken or evaded by certain individuals, and had to be repeated in They also forbad Andrea Ongaro Andrew the Hungarian, who seems to have been the chief offender , and other Missetce to engage foreign vessels until all Venetian vessels in port were full.

The provision forbidding passages to be taken for pilgrims on foreign vessels as long as Venetian ones were available was re- enacted in At the same time, clauses were added 1. S3 b, 27th February, more Veneto 2. Patroni and missetec who deceived pilgrims in this respect were punished by a fine. These distinguished guests besieged the Government with requests to be allowed to go on their way to the Holy Land; and pointed out the pecuniary and moral damage they would suffer if they had to return home without attaining their object.

When the embargo was laid on the Eastern voyages, the intention of the Government was, if possible, to avoid a casus belli with Genoa, and in any case to prevent Venetian merchants and rich cargoes from falling into Genoese hands. It may be noted here that the effort to avoid a war failed; and on October 9th, , the Genoese were defeated near Modone by Carlo Zeno.

Peace was made between the two Republics in March, Meanwhile, pressed by the foreign pilgrims, the Senate, on the 25th of August, , gave authority to Venetian ships to take pilgrims to Syria on condition that they did not go beyond Jaffa and Acre, and that they did not carry any merchandise whatsoever or any merchants or other ordinary passengers save Venetian subjects returning home 1.

No ship was to sail without at least 25 pilgrims, and the names of the latter were to be given in by the Patroni to the office of the Cattaveri. Permission was given to carry other passengers than pilgrims from Venice to Syria, but no merchandise; and on the return the pilgrim ships might take merchandise and ordinary passengers aboard at Jaffa, Acre, Rhodes, and even Beyrout, if there was a possibility of going to the latter place in reasonable security.

In February, , there were a number of pilgrims assembled in Venice who desired to go from there to the Holy Land if they could find a ship ; but who were deter- mined to sail from Ancona if they could not get a passage from Venice, as they seem to have found some difficulty in doing — perhaps because it was early in the season. The Senate felt that in the interest of the shipowners and for the honour of the city, steps must be taken to provide the pilgrims with what they needed, and gave them license to engage a sailing ship or galley of botte s or less for the voyage, with the proviso that no merchandise of any kind was to be carried either going or returning from Syria.

It is to be presumed that they found what they wanted this time 6 We now reach one of the epoch-making statutes in the L Cattaveri. Senato Miele, Register xlvi. Since the thirteenth century and the General Maritime Statutes of the doges Tiepolo and Zeno there is no mention in the many laws relating to pilgrim ships of the arms to be carried for the protection of a vessel and its passengers.

In the combat there were many killed and wounded on board the Quirina. The Senate declared that this deplorable occurrence was due to the fact that the patroni of the pilgrim ships did not- take care to carry the cross-bows and other arms necessary for defence, and that if it had not been for the foreign pilgrims aboard the Quirina, who made a courageous defence, the galley would certainly have fallen into the hands of the Turks. In consequence the patroni of the said pilgrim galleys were ordered to carry a fixed number of crossbows, arrows, lances and other arms, and eight crossbow men.

This was due to the fact that the Beyrout galleys had been unable to bring back in the autumn all the cargo waiting in that port, and an extra ship had to be sent for the purpose. The proposal was rejected, and other arrange- ments made for the transport of the spices and other merchandise left behind at Beyrout. Item capsas Teretooornm xt. Goods carried by the latter paid three-fourths of the usual charges for freight.

Quia pro maiori parte rata galearum Ba-ruti conducitur cum ipsis Venetis. And the Senate decreed, on the 1st of March, , that each pilgrim galley was to be equipped with two rowers or Galeotti to each bench, and cariy twenty crossbow men, including among the latter two Venetian Patricians.

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There are reasons, however, for believing that the pilgrim galleys, at least in the second half of the fifteenth century, and including that of Agostino Contarmi, were Triremes, and would in other circumstances have been equipped with three oarsmen to each bench. In Ser Zaccaria da Ponte and Ser Donato Erizzo carried pilgrims to the Holy Sepulchre on board their galley the Erizza , and on the return voyage brought spices and other merchandise from Beyrout.

Senato Mi tie, Reg. Fincati, Le Triremi, p. Senato Miste, Ref Ili. One specific charge was that the latter had been half- starved, and another that cargo had been placed in the space allotted to them by contract. A certain number had taken passages on Genoese ships, threatening to take revenge later for the extortions, innovations and injuries of which they had been the victims.

Many of those who came back on the Erizza to Venice departed immediately in a very hostile frame of mind, and with the intention of indemnifying themselves for all they had suffered. Further, for the honour of the Republic, the advocates of the Commune were ordered to initiate proceedings against Ser Zaccaria da Ponte and Ser Donato Erizzo. In February, , however, the Senate, in order to prevent the pilgrims from being crowded out of the very limited space allotted to them, voted a decree which forbad the Patroni of the pilgrim galleys, under a penalty 1.

In the interests of trade the Senate ordered that these galleys — if they had such letters or merchandise aboard — were to go first to Beyrout, and then to Jaffa, and that the pilgrims before signing the agreements, were to be fully informed of the order in which these ports would be touched at. The Senate, however, ordered it to be restored to the owners free of duty.

Divided into squadrons — usually of three, four or five ships — they were put up to auction for the voyage to Beyrout, Alexandria, the Black Sea, Barbary or Flanders, on certain conditions and knocked down to the highest bidders. These latter then set up benches — with banners bearing their arms at the side — in the Piazzo San Marco, and there enrolled the crew and did other business.

But before being authorised to set up these benches or ponere bancum , as it was called, these Patroni , who were always patricians, were required to present themselves before the Senate or the Maggior Consiglio, and be approved by a majority of votes. This rule had not been strictly observed in the case of the Patroni of the pilgrim and other galleys not forming part of the merchant fleets named. In September, , therefore the Senate decreed: This explains why, in July, , the Senate decreed that an additional large galley, subsidised with 1, ducats by the State, should be deputed to protect the Beyrout and Alexandria fleets.

This galley was put up to auction and knocked down to Ser Andrea Mudacio, who was authorised to carry pilgrims, but not either merchants or merchandise. There were quarrels amongst the guides about the division of profits and work. One of their number, Andrew the Hungarian, claimed that he alone was entitled to act as guide for the Hungarian pilgrims, and not John Sartor, from Bohemia. After due considera- tion and in the interests of peace the Cattaveri ordered: The box was to be 1.

Idem , p Any money earned by guides out of their turn was to be handed to those whose turn it was. Further, John of Bohemia was recognised as an authorised guide. Amongst other things complaints had been made that the two guides whose turn it was to wait in the Piazza sometimes only knew one language, while the pilgrims who arrived belonged to different countries, and spoke various languages; and that pilgrims who wanted to go to Home were often deceived by the owners of the small coasting vessels, who agreed to take them to Rimini, and instead landed them at other places more convenient to themselves.

Further, some Patroni agreed to take pilgrims for a certain price, and then, when they arrived at the places named in the contracts, they found pretests for exacting much larger sums. And all this in spite of numerous laws checking such abuses. The magistrates of the Cattaveri therefore enacted: Mark's Place, and honestly serve the 1. When one guide went to dinner, the other was to wait in the Piazza till his companion returned; then, having also dined himself, they were both to remain until the usual hour.

If a guide failed to appear, or to do Eis duty, he was save for illness or other just cause to lose his share of the monthly profits; and for a third offence be suspended for two years. At the time of signing the agreements the Tholomarii were to tell the pilgrims the whole amount of their passage money. Genoa was at that time under the domination of the Visconti; and the Venetian Republic had, therefore, to protect its commerce from the attacks of the Genoese fleet in the Mediterranean, as well as wage war against the Milanese and their allies on the mainland.

In the spring of the next year, it was felt to be unsafe for the two galleys, the Canala and the Vallaressa , then preparing to go with pilgrims to the Holy Sepulchre, to undertake the voyage separately; and so, while each galley had its own captain-owner as usual, the Senate appointed Ser Giorgio Malipiero to the supreme command. He was not to land during the voyage save at places belonging to Venice. He was to see that each galley had its f till complement of two oarsmen to each bench, and twenty crossbow men, including two patricians.

He was not to allow merchants or merchandise not even bavere capse to be carried. The captain-owners were to pay him ducats for the whole voyage, out of which sum he was to pay two servants; while he was to have two trumpeters at the expense of the two galleys. It was to be decided by agreement or by lot, which of the two galleys was to carry the commodore; and that galley had orders to sail on the Sunday following, May the 9th; its com- panion was to follow next day, Monday.

Special per- mission was given to Ser Giovanni Coraaro to send 2, ducats by these pilgrim galleys to his business at Episcopia, in Cyprus. The instructions given to Ser Nicolo in his Commission resembled those given to his predecessor, save that he was to see that each galley carried twenty-five, instead of 20 crossbow men ; and he was not to allow any ordinary passenger or servant to be written down either as an oarsman or as a crossbow man. On the outward voyage he was to stay only two days at Cyprus, and on the homeward voyage he was not to touch at Rhodes, and he was to remain the shortest time possible in any port of Cyprus.

Pilgrims and other passengers taken on board at other ports than Venice were to be charged in propor- tion to the length of their voyage. But not long before the year , the Patroni of ships going to the Sepulchre began to make their bargains with the men for the voyage, which naturally led to discontent when, for any reason, this was prolonged beyond the time anticipated.

A disobedient Patrono was liable to a fine of golden ducats. Further, that each Patrono should be approved, not only before departure, but also within fifteen days after his return, so that the Government might know how the pilgrims had been treated. But the Government had evidently been much harassed by complaints of the conduct of the Patroni , and the proposal found few supporters.

He justified his drastic measure by saying: The pilgrims themselves went more than once to the Senate to support the request, representing that they were so few that the cargo would 1. I Senato Miste, Registro lx. In October, , however, about sixteen noble foreigners, who came to Venice on their way there, could not find a pilgrim galley willing to sail with such a small number; and the Senate was obliged to permit them to take their passages by the Bey rout trading fleet.

The request was granted after much discussion, on condition that Ser Antonio did not take any cheese on board, and that he gave to the State the fourth part of the money received for the freight. The money was to be handed to the heads of the Arsenal. The Senate also stipulated that certain parts of the galley were to be give up entirely to the pilgrims, so that their comfort should not be interfered with. As he had previously been approved in April, this is rather curious, and seems to indicate that he had either made an unusually rapid and successful Easter voyage, and was preparing to go again, or that he had deferred the spring voyage for lack of sufficient passengers.

S23, 14th June, S42, 19th August, Si b , 82ad Aprii, But the Government was not satisfied with the results of these temporary returns to the old system. There was, no doubt, always the temptation and the tendency to let the cargo encroach on the space assigned to the passengers; and the loading and unloading kept the galleys in various ports beyond the specified time. Consequently, in October, , the statutes already men- tioned, of February, , and May 8th, , were re- enacted.

The pilgrim ships were not to become merchant galleys, and might not carry anything save what was permitted by the laws named. A disobedient Patrono was liable to a fine of 1, ducats, and lost what he had carried in contravention of the statutes. At this time the pilgrim transport trade was so lucra- tive, that the Government determined to claim a share in the profits and assume the direct control as far as the galleys were concerned — leaving the sailing ships still free, subject only to the supervision and license of the Cattaveri.

On the 19th of May, , therefore, the Senate voted the first Incantus Galeoni m Pcrcgrinorum — that is, an auction of licenses for galleys destined for the pilgrim service — and thus initiated a change of policy, which lasted ten years; after which the pilgrim traffic was again thrown open freely to private enterprise. The decree enacted that licenses to carry pilgrims in galleys to the Holy Sepulchre for the next five years — a on the Easter voyage, and 6 on the August voyage — 1.

This is the first definite limitation of tfie expenses met with in the documents; former provisions on the matter are vague. If rejected on any of these occasions, a Patrono might nominate a substitute, who must, however, be approved in his turn by the same Council. The licenses were to be auctioned the next day at Vespers, and they were to date from the 1st of January, , 1 modern style.

The licenses were duly auctioned on May 20th, , with the result that the monopoly for what was now described as the March voyage was granted to Ser Lorenzo Mauro, son of the late Ser Antonio, for lire, 16 soldi ; and that for the August voyage to Ser Zaccaria Contarmi, son of the late Ser Hector, for lire. The immense difference between these two amounts shows clearly that the majority of pilgrims chose to go to the Holy Sepulchre in the spring and return in the autumn.

This clause was soon modified, and the Senate decreed that if a Patrono had thirty-five pilgirms or more he must set sail, under a penalty of 1, ducats; but, if he had not as many as thirty-five, he need not undertake that voyage, though he must pay the quota due of the auction money all the same. The guides and agents were thus de- frauded of their profits, and Government supervision being evaded, the interests of the pilgrims could not be safeguarded. The Senate dealt with the abuse in January, , and forbad and Patrono of a barque, any sailor, or any other persons save the licensed Tholomarii to treat with pilgrims to Rome or elsewhere about passages; and once more ordered the Tholomarii to arrange passages for their clients with Patroni belonging to Venice and living there, or, if there were not any such available, with the best foreign Patroni to be found.

As much trouble had arisen because they would not obey their head or OastalJo , in the magistrates of the Cattaveri 1. The first such mark carried with it a fine of six grossi ad aurum ; the second, of eight grossi ad aurum; the third, twelve grossi ad aurum; for the fourth offence a guide was to be dismissed. Second, that two guides, chosen by lot, were to be on duty every week, at St. Mark's Quay, in St.

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Third, that under the same penalty, the guides were to hand in every Saturday to their gastaldo everything they had earned during the week. The gastaldo , either that day or the following Monday, was to carry the money to the office of the Cattaveri and place it in the box kept for the purpose; and every month the money was to be divided according to the orders previously issued. They ihere- fore begged the Senate to let them go by the Beyrout fleet, and their request was granted, with the consent of Ser Bernardo, who was, however, required to pay the usual fifth part of the auction money, although he did not go on the voyage.

It will be remembered that the Senate, in granting the monopolies in , had reserved to itself the right of dealing with special cases, concerning persons of importance. On this occasion the Senate desired to give the preference to the monopolists, and authorised the two Patroni in question to take these distinguished pilgrims on their galleys, at a price for passage money and all expenses not exceeding fifty ducats. Each Patrono before setting sail was to pay ducats to the Government to be given to the Arsenal.

The Patrono or Patroni who accepted these conditions must be ready to depart on the 6th of June. A clause was expressly added to the effect that the foregoing did not revoke any arrangements made for passages on board navi or sailing ships ; but that all pilgrims and sailing ships were in the enjoyment of the 1. The monopoly granted in prevented any other galleys from competing for the transport of pilgrims, but did not interfere with any sailing ships which might engage in the trade. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the two kinds of vessels were explained by the Senate in J une, , to the Count of Nassau, who was sent by the Duke of Burgundy to help the knights of Rhodes, and who asked ad'rice as to the advisability of also going to the Holy Sepulchre.

The Count was told that he would go more safely and more quickly in a galley, but that it would cost him more than if he went on a nave? The conditions were in general those of the former auction, so that the modifica- tions only will be noticed. For example, one galley having gone with pilgrims to Jaffa, it was provided that when it came back — if the Patrono wished to sell it — it must be bought by the new monopolists. A second galley, one of the three then engaged on a voyage to Greece, was to be sold to them by the heads of the Arsenal.

An amicable agreement or the chance of the lot was to decide which of these two galleys was to be assigned to each of the new Patroni? The monopoly for the Easter voyage was granted to 1. Bed ibit cum multo malori expense quara Iret cum narj. Next day the same patrician bought the monopoly for the August voyage also.

In June, , as many important persons were awaiting the departure of the pilgrim galley, the Senate issued an order that the Patrono of the Jaffa galley was to set sail the following Sunday, as he had promised the pilgrims to do, and if he was not ready he would be fined golden ducats. At the same time he was informed that at the end of the five years — if he wished — the monopoly would be extended to him for two extra voyages.

Idem, pi , 28th March, Meanwhile many intending pilgrims, tired of waiting for the pilgrim galley, had taken their passages on various sailing ships as far as Cyprus, where they hoped to find vessels ready and willing to undertake the short voyage thence to Beyrout or Jaffa. In the circumstances the Senate removed the embargo on the departure of the galley, and, while still forbidding the Patrono Ser Antonio Loredano to go to Syria under a heavy penalty, authorised him also to carry pilgrims as far as Rhodes or Cyprus. As they were unable, owing to the small- ness of their number, to find a passage either on a galley or sailing ship of those which usually went to Jaffa, they asked and obtained permission from the Senate to go by the Beyrout fleet, and two were assigned to each of the four galleys put up to auction and sold that year.

Peace was made in July, , and Venice and Naples were allies in the war ended by the peace of Lodi. But when the Duke of Cleves, nephew of the Duke of Burgundy, came to Venice in May, , and asked for permission to go to the Holy Sepulchre on a Venetian galley, the Senate, while assuring him of its desire to satisfy him in every way, pointed out that, owing to the war with the King of Naples and the presence of a 1. Commemoriali, Libro 14, p.

S3, Slit Sajr, ; pp. At the same time the Government wrote to the Duke of Burgundy explaining the circumstances, and declining all responsi- bility. The Senate therefore interfered, and enacted that the Duke might take with him on board the Mantella forty pilgrims and two friars, paying ducats as compensation, to the Patrono of the pilgrim galley. The request was granted then, 4 and also the similar one made next autumn by several notable Ultramontanes.

For the future one or two galleys, according to circumstances, went just after the Feast of the Corpus Domini only, to Jaffa, as was the case in the time of Casola. It was now enacted: If this were not done, or if any Patrono failed to register contracts made with pilgrims at the office of the Cattatveri i and any question arose between him and them, the simple word of the pilgrims would be accepted. This was a very common way at that time of seeking to propitiate the Deity, and im- ploring the intercession of the Madonna and saints. It appears, however, that the Patroni frequently pocketed the money so collected instead of giving it to the pilgrims who went to fulfil the vow.

The Senate, in order to re- move tliis abuse, laid down, in July, , that for the future, whenever a pilgrim was elected for this purpose on a galley or other ship, the Patrono was to account for the 1. A Patrono who failed to do this was liable to a fine equal to the sum collected, which he was also to refund. Finally, the Senate ordered Ser Andrea either to equip his galley for the voyage to Jaffa as the law required, and be ready to sail af latest on July 6th, or to give back their money to the pilgrims.

In the decree of the Senate the Earl of Exeter is described as "quidam dominai Anglicus beni status et reputation! At this time the galleys had orders not to touch there. The knights were continually engaged in hostilities with the Turks, with whom the Republic, which had so much to lose, desired to keep on good terms.

The Patrono of the Loredana was ordered to put the Savo- yard Ambassadors ashore at Rhodes, but not to land there himself nor let any of his officers or crew do so. The Senate replied that that would disorganise trade, but gave him the choice between going on board one of those galleys and landing at some other port than Rhodes, or equipping two galleys at his own expense by which he could go direct to Rhodes.

Venice, while approving the general scheme, had been anxious to avoid beginning the war alone, but an accident precipitated matters, and war broke out in the middle of this year between the Turks and the Venetians, which lasted for sixteen years. Naturally reinforcements were sent to Venetian possessions in the Mediterranean, and their fortifications were strengthened. When the Contarina and the Morosina, the two pilgrim galleys which had made the Easter voyage to the Holy 1. Three Venetian galleys, loaded with goods and having several Moors as passengers on board, were compelled by a violent storm to take refuge in the port of Rhodes, where they were seized and plundered.

As soon as the "news reached Venice the admiral Jacopo Loredano was ordered to go to Rhodes, and his action was so energetic that the Grand Master gave up the Moors and all the merchandise. In view of the late incident he was forbidden to go there or to any other place belonging to the knights of St. They declared that beside the sum agreed upon before starting, he had extorted ducats from them in one way or another, and asked for the money to be returned to them. The Senate, after premising that the dignity of the State required that justice should be done to everyone, and especially to these pilgrims whose countries were frequented by Venetian citizens, merchants and triremes, 1.

HI, 26th September, Storia Dommentata di Venata, voL Ir. A short decree of May, , informs us that the galley Contarina was destined for the Jaffa voyage that year. In February, , news came of the death of the Albanian hero Scanderbeg, and soon after, alarming tidings of the great armament, which was being prepared at Pera, and which it was feared would be sent against Negropont. The suspicion was well founded.

Negropont was taken by the Turks, July, Extraordinary efforts were made in Venice to raise large sums of money and build and equip new ships. As navigation in the Levant was dangerous on account of the Turkish war, the Senate issued a special order that the Contarina was to be equipped in accordance with the Statute of , that is, with two rowers to each bench and 20 crossbow men, including two patricians.

Romania, Storia Documentata di Venezia, voi. The galley was ready, and he asked for licence to sail with a crew of all told. The pilgrims besieged the Government with requests for permission to go on their pilgrimage, and after several days the Senate reluctantly voted that for this time only Ser Andrea might leave with men, including 18 crossbow men.

On July the 1st, the noble pilgrims who had taken their passage on the Contarina went to the Signoria, and begged vehemently that licence should be given to the galley to depart. As a concession to the pilgrims the Senate consented, on condition that Ser Andrea went himself on the voyage, that he had a crew of , including the BaUistarij and that he sailed the next Monday.

Their report, presented to the Senate, is a quaint specimen of fifteenth century Venetian. In it they declared, that if it were a question of changing owners, no Patrono would buy the galley, nor could they recommend her to anyone as seaworthy. Nevertheless, if the repairs they suggested were executed, and the galley left at Ascension-tfde and returned in September, perhaps she might be allowed to make the voyage.

If, however, nothing more was done than was being done at present, and the galley came back in the winter, they thought she would run a great risk. The price was to be fixed by experts in the presence of the heads of the Arsenal, and paid down before the galley was handed over to the new owner. The Senate granted the license requested on condition that L Senato Mar.

In addition, under a penalty of ducats in case of refusal, he was to give a free passage to Ser Francesco Giustiniani — who had been elected Prowisore of Cyprus — and his company as far as Modone. The contracts irregularly drawn up and signed were naturally not given in to the office of the Cattaveri as the law required. The abuse had become so common that in , when they were obliged to deal with the matter, the Cattaveri declared that every day Patroni of galleys and sailing ships defrauded the Tholomarij in this way; therefore, after solemnly confirming previous legislation, they unanimously decreed: The Tholomarij , on the other hand, must do their duty faithfully and dili- gently.

The pilgrims no doubt lent themselves to irregular practices owing to ignorance of the language and the law, or because they also found it to their interest not to employ the licensed guides, who from time to time are shown by the documents which survive, in anything but a favourable light. To protect the rights of the guides more effectively, the magistrates of the Cattaveri , acting on an order received from the Government in , after emphatically ratifying the provisions just noted of , now enacted: He was to receive the passage money agreed upon, half in Venice and half at Jaffa. The vessel was to be equipped with the prescribed arms and crew, and carry 1.

It was only to stop at the usual ports, and not remain more than three days in any port of Cyprus on account of the malaria. Each pilgrim, who did not cater for himself, was to receive his meals and drinking water every day, and these were to be as fresh and good as possible.

At each meal he was to have a glass of malmsey. Wherever the ship touched, the pilgrims were to have an opportunity of renewing their supplies of provisions; and if that was impossible the captain was to let them have what they needed from his own stores. Each pilgrim was to have a place on the ship for keeping fowls and for doing his cooking. A pilgrim might leave the ship where he liked for any valid reason.

The Patrono bound himself to protect the pilgrims from injustice in every possible form, to conduct them personally about the Holy Land, and go with them as far as the River Jordan, and pay the necessary duties and tribute with the exception of small gratuities. Each sick person was to have a better place assigned to him. If a pilgrim died on the voyage the Patrono was not to seize his property, and must give back part of the passage money. The dead were only to be buried on the high seas if no land was near; otherwise the Patrono must cany any corpse to the nearest port.

But, in spite of continuous legislation and of Govern- ment surveillance, the law was often evaded, and the accounts of the foreign pilgrims especially are full of com- plaints — that ships were unseaworthy, or overloaded, or 1. Indeed, through the unaccustomed and bad nourishment and sea-sickness the pilgrims were often very ill. In addi- tion, the itineraries give graphic descriptions of the incon- veniences attending the agglomeration of people of all classes on the same small ship and the frequent friction between the different nationalities ; of how they all suffered from excessive heat owing to the large number of passengers crowded into a small space, and from vermin of every size and kind.

Hans von Mergenthal, who accompanied Duke Albert of Saxony to the Holy Land in — the year that Arcimboldi and Gian Giacomo Trivulzio went there — recounts that the sleeping place allotted to each pilgrim was so narrow, that the passengers almost lay one on the other, tormented by the great heat, by swarms of insects, and even by great rats which raced over their bodies in the dark. If a luckless pilgrim succeeded in dozing in spite of the general discomfort, he was soon awakened by the stamping of the animals penned up on deck, or by the talking, singing and shouting of his neighbours.

Most of those who fell sick died. At meals the Patrono gave them soup, salad, meat, and greens. But nothing was good. The meat was bad, the bread hard and full of worms, the water often stinking, the wine hot and tasteless. They had often to eat in the blazing sun. The crew was dishonest. Several times the pilgrim galley was chased by Turks and pirates. Their illness began in the Holy Land, where the pilgrims were badly treated, for during the time we were in the Holy Land we had always to sleep on the hard ground and often out of doors.

And we fared badly there, for there is no wine in the city of Jerusalem or in any other city of those parts, for the Moors drink nothing save water. And the bread is bad, for it is not properly baked, and is as soft as dough. And moreover the pilgrims suffer much in visiting the Holy Places by reason of the great heat of the country, and because they are forced to hasten overmuch. Now these are the causes of the maladies of many of the pilgrims. Afterwards he expressed him- self thus: Schefer and Henri Cordier, l'aria, With how many miseries is it not strewn!

I have seen many young men who could not endure them, and who succumbed. I claim for the Pilgrims to the Holy Land the sympathy and the compassion they deserve. As to the life on shipboard, Canon Pietro does not disguise the fact that he was one of the privileged passengers and fared in every way better than most of his companions, because, as he says, he paid more than the rest; but, no doubt, partly also because he was an Italian, belonging to a noble family, subject of a near neighbour of Venice, and a Church dignitary.

He does not, unfortunately, give many details as to the way in which the other pilgrims were treated; but he relates that the foreigners were often rightly dissatisfied with the food. In short, even if things had improved since the days of Hans von Mergenthal, a sea voyage in , was still a dreary holiday for the majority.

See Note 7IL 3. The Patrono of a galley is obliged, in addition to the simple transport, to give the pilgrims food and drink while they are at sea, and also when they go to places where the pilgrims cannot buy victuals. He is also obliged to pay all the ordinary and extraordinary taxes for them in the Holy Land. Bethlehem, Bethany, the Mountain of Judea, the Mount of Olives, the Sepulchre of the Madonna, and the Pools, 1 grosso for each place; for the custodians who guard the roads in eight places, 1 grosso for each place; for the house at Rama, 4 grossi; for the custodians at the sea, 1 grosso; for the Governor of Rama, 3 grossi; for the Governor of St.

In all there are 13 ducats and a half, and this is the tariff of expenses up to the year The other charges were the same for them as for the pilgrims. But of those who are going to one of the monasteries in the Holy Land, two are taken free on each of the pilgrim galleys, and the others pay 10 ducats each. On the merchant galleys and sailing ships, however, all the friars are carried for the love of God, with all their goods. Il Tra tinto 4i Terra Santa di t. In he told Casola that he had been at sea forty-two years. Two years later, in September, , he took command at Cyprus of the galley of his brother Ambrogio, who had been recalled to Venice to receive his commission as Ambassador to the King of Persia, with whom the Venetians desired to strengthen their relations in order to stir up a powerful enemy in the rear of the Turks.

Tucher of Nuremberg — whose description of his voyage was printed in at Nuremberg and Augsburg — went to Palestine in , Ser Agostino was captain of the pilgrim galley for Jaffa. This is confirmed by Felix Faber and Santo Brasca.

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Indeed, Santo Brasca was singled out from the other passengers by Contarini, who offered to use in his favour the privilege he then had of taking a pilgrim to lodge with him at the Monastery of Mount Sion. With regard to this privilege, it is interest- ing to note that on their arrival at Jerusalem Casola 1. And, further, the galley of a disobedient captain shall never more go on that voyage. And as soon as they know the truth the Advocates of the Commune shall be obliged, 1.

The half of the said pecuniary penalty shall go to said Advocates, and the other half to our Arsenal. Whatever they were, there is little doubt that Agostino Contarmi was one of the chief sinners, and he was irritated when the new law came into force in Casola reflects his feeling, for he naturally took the captain's point of view, and accepted his version of the facts. To return to Perhaps he was less jealous of Suriano than he would have been of another man, not a Venetian patrician like himself; L Maggior Contig. The first, dated January 14th, M.

Chronicle of Domenico Mai ip uro, part li.

A rth leio Storico Italiano, toL rii. And any Patrono who is not approved on his return shall forfeit ducats, to be given to the Advocates of the Commune, and shall not be allowed to go any more as Patrono on the said voyage. Even Casola, who always tries to make out a good case for the Patrono , implies that in certain res- pects the pilgrims had reason to be dissatisfied.

Although he was not expressly named in the decrees of January, , and July, , as he was in that of April, , they were all evidently directed chiefly against Agostino Contarmi, who had been ottener to Jaffa than any other Patrono since at least The outcome of the legal proceedings cannot be traced in the documents. Was it unfavourable to the Patrono or did he now de- cide that at his age — well over sixty as he was — it was wise to retire from a business which brought much fatigue and worry in its train? In June, , many noble pilgrims of various nations appeared before the Cattaveri and complained that the berths assigned to them by the Noble Lord Alvise Zorzi, Patrono of the trireme on which they were to sail, were so small that it was impossible to lie in them without extreme discomfort.

Ser Alvise, on the other hand, declared that he was prepared to give them the same accommodation as had been given to all pilgrims in times past. Suffice it to say here, that, although Venice was at peace with the Sultan, the galley was attacked on the outward voyage not far from Modone, by a Turkish squadron of nine sail, commanded by the famous Arigi or Erichi, ex-Corsair, who, although the Patrono hoisted the banners of the Holy Sepulchre and St. Mark, pretended not to recognise the pilgrim ship. After a hot fight, in which the Zorza was damaged and had many killed and wounded on board, 1.

But the pilgrims, in order to induce him to do so, offered 70 ducats a head, while he said he would resign his position and go if they gave him 80 ducats each. In the Republic lost Corone, Modone, and other important 1.

The diarist Priuli wrote at this time: For its fame and glory have been built up by the voyages and by its reputation at sea. Therefore there can be no doubt that if the Venetians should lose their shipping and their maritime supremacy, they would also lose their reputation and their glory, and little by little in a very few years they would be con8umed.

Indeed the Doge advised many pilgrims to turn back on account of the danger from the Turkish fleet. Neverthe- less, in June, Ser Marco, the owner of the Nave Malipiera e Giustiniana , offered four sureties who were ballotted for and accepted by the Senate, and two days later the Patrono Francesco Vasallo was approved in the same Council. On account of the war between the Republic and the Turks, the Doge advised the pilgrims to give up their project. A month later the galley was sold to 1.

Romania, Storia Documentata di Venezia, voi, r. The Senate consented, and required, in addition to the offered security, that the partners should lend 50 ducats to the Arsenal, to be returned to them when the pieces of artillery were given back at the end of the voyage. But while some Senators were willing to consent on the same terms as before, others thought he ought to buy the cannon outright. The Senate thereupon ordered the heads of the Arsenal to sell them for the price of the metal plus the expenses of casting, and to accept ducats 1.

Diarij di Sanuto, voi. Ill, 7th June, The money was to be used for casting two new cannon. The Patroni had offered to carry to Cyprus free of charge a quantity of artillery and ammunition, and the ships were to leave as soon as the cargo was stowed away. For greater security the Senate ordered the navi to sail together under the supreme command of Ser Fantin Michiel, whom the Patroni were required to obey. But it appears that for some reason not given the order was revoked. The preamble runs thus: Since, therefore, the galley engaged in the said navigation has been dismantled it is convenient to replace it, for the honour of our Government, and for the greater satisfaction of Christian princes who desire that their subjects may be able to go on their pilgrimage in all security.

The money was to be paid in to the Arsenal within a month, and the galley ready to sail by Ascensiontide , otherwise the L Senato Mar. IS, 9th Jana, The Patrono was to present himself for approval in the first meeting of the Senate after the auction, and also every voyage afterwards. At the same time, pilgrims were free to go either on the licensed galley, or on a nave , or on any other vessel they pleased.

Ser Luca Trono, one of the Councillors, proposed as an amendment that, considering the immense importance of this measure, which needed mature consideration, a decision had better be deferred, and the matter brought up again in another meeting of the Senate. But the majority of the Senators were against him, and the proposal to renew the monopoly for twelve voyages was approved by a large majority. The new concession, together with the contemporary difficulty in disposing of the merchant galleys which were often now put up to auction several times before finding a purchaser, whereas in earlier times they were taken as soon as offered, is symptomatic of the change coming over the Venetian 1.

From a variety of causes — the advance of the Turks, the loss of Venetian possessions in the Mediter- ranean, the discovery of the sea route to India and the transfer of the spice trade to Portuguese hands, the acquisition of territory on the mainland, and many others — the patricians were beginning to withdraw their energies from trade and the sea traffic which had made their fathers rich and glorious, and which Venetian legis- lators, in the preambles to innumerable statutes, had always declared to be " the chief foundation of the greatness of their city.

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the best and wisest spirits deplored the abandonment of the old ways. The other significant point is that in former auctions three, or at least two, galleys were provided for the pilgrim transport, in addition to any navi or other vessels which were licensed by the Cattaveri. Now, however, one galley was considered sufficient, and this shows that the number of pilgrims who came to Venice was decreasing.

The decline was no doubt due in part to the cooling of this particular form of religious enthusiasm, but it was also due to the fact that Venice had begun to lose her possessions 1. Archivio Storico Italiano , voi vii. The fears Priuli had expressed were being realised. In May, , the Government needed two ships to carry soldiers, artillery, ammunition and wood to Corfu and Cyprus, and could not find any nave to hire for the purpose.

Some were not ready, and others were already engaged for the pilgrim service. At this time the Turks, who had conquered the Mamelukes of Egypt in , were preparing the great armament which attacked and took Rhodes in and Venice was obliged to limit her efforts to the defence of her most important remaining possessions. The nave chosen — the Dolfina — was to receive compensation from the other two. At the same time, arrangements were made with a certain Ser Galeazzo Simiteculo, to provide the second nave needed for the transport of troops and mili- tary stores.

On this occasion the Senate expressly declared that no pilgrim was to be charged over fifty ducats for his passage, food and other expenses. Mark, owned by two patricians whose names are not given. The captain was Paulo Bianco, and the destination Cyprus. At Cyprus the pilgrims arranged with a certain Constantin de Fyo to take them to Jaffa, and thence to the Holy places and back for 45 ducats, half to be paid down immediately and the other half on the return.

When they got back to Jaffa after visiting the Holy Sepulchre, instead of entering the Grippo 1 of Constantin de Fyo, they made — for reasons not given — a new arrangement with George of Naples, who took them on his galley for a ducat and a half to Candia. The writer does not mention the sum paid for the return voyage from Candia to Venice. It is dated June 6th, Charles 8chefer, Parte, When forty names had been received, the magistrates were to invite the Patroni of navilii of tons or more, prepared to go to Jaffa, to send their names to the same office, and after the vessels offered had been carefully examined, if they fulfilled the requirements of the law, as many as necessary were to be licensed for the voyage — one at a time.

The best was to be chosen first, and the one whose Patrono offered the cheapest and most advantageous terms to the pilgrims. The Patrono was then to give adequate bail for the fulfilment of his obligations, and if he broke a contract and the pilgrims exercised their right of complaint on their return to Venice, the Cattaveri were to administer summary justice and compel the sureties to compensate the pilgrims. A Patrono who once offered to convey pilgrims and had been accepted, must go on the voyage, and if he refused for any reason whatever, he must com- pensate the pilgrims for damages.

Poor pilgrims were to be charged less than the others. No other ship could sail from Venice with pilgrims until eight days after the departure of the first selected. Finally, under a severe penalty, the Tholomarij or guides and the agents or missctcc were forbidden to negotiate for passages with the Patrotio of any ship not entered in the books of the Cattaveri. In this way the legislation which protected their interests and sought to ensure their safety had been evaded, and they had been conveyed to the Levant on unlicensed ships. So far as I know there is no record of the loss of a whole ship- load of pilgrims before It is noticeable that the statute does not mention galleys or triremes, but only navi the largest kind of sailing ship and navilii.

In this period of declining trade with the East, it is clear that the galleys did not compete any more for the pilgrim transport. In spite of this last attempt to so regulate the voyage to the Holy Land that many persons might be induced to undertake that blessed pilgrimage for the good of their own souls and the pecuniary benefit of the subjects of the Serenissima, the numbers of pious travellers so diminished, that towards the end of the sixteenth century the annual voyage was abandoned; no pilgrim ship sailed any more from Venice after the Corpus Domini, and the Prior of Mount Sion gave up going to Jaffa to meet the pilgrims and conduct them to Jerusalem, as had been the custom from time almost immemorial.

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Friedrich Eckher and Karl von Grimming, two German pilgrims, who arrived in Venice on the 26th of March, , found that the pilgrim ships which used to sail about the Corpus Domini, had not gone for over twenty years, and they and three Capucin friars took their passage to the Holy Land on a Dutch ship. Some went overland by way of Constanti- nople now that the Turk had a firm footing in Europe; and though Venice was not entirely abandoned, she had to divide the ever decreasing profits of what had once been such a lucrative branch of trade with many other ports in Italy and the Western Mediterranean — Marseilles amongst the number.

A record of what had once been, was preserved to the downfall of the Republic in the Corpus Domini procession, when in later times, the Senators no longer paired with the pilgrims, each walked with a poor man on his right hand in sign of humility. It does not exist in Casola's MS. Determination to undertake a Pilgrimage to Jeru- salem.

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Many years ago, as I was invited by a citizen of Milan to accompany him at his expense on this holy voyage, I accepted very gladly. But afterwards the citizen named changed his mind, and gave up the idea of accomplishing what he had proposed; so I remained very doubtful in my mind, as my purse could not satisfy my new-born desire. Nevertheless a great longing always remained with me to visit those holy places beyond the sea, although in my youth I was unable to satisfy it, being continually hindered by some cause or other.

Since, however, the most high God by His Grace, freed me in my old age from every impediment and provided me with all I needed, it seemed good to me to renew the determination to go on this holy voyage. And in order that I should have opportunity of becoming lukewarm any more, I bound myself by a vow, two years ago, to go at all costs, although I was then between sixty and seventy years of age.

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