Jours dExil - Tome III (French Edition)

Jours d'Exil - Tome II

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The vision of the Girona confirms my pessimism.

Œuvres : jours d'exil

What other form than this could defeat take? The State, in its most miserable form, was scattered in the streets and in the squares. Archives, tables, chairs and, in the same state of abandon, ministers, under-secretaries, directors of administrations and an anonymous mass of bureaucrats, in groups, for whom the hasty voyage, the waiting, and the cold had thrown off any sense of composure. All the prestige of the government, the sole source of confidence was, like all its administrative apparatus, broken, disconnected, and insubstantial.

In the meantime, the great exodus to the frontier and thus towards France had taken on immense proportions, in accordance with the estimations stated by Marcelino Pascua some days earlier. Morel thought, and in obvious contradiction to his earlier opinion, that the problem of Republican internment was going to come up in the very near future, and that it would perhaps be possible to integrate part of the Republican army into the French forces.

However, French opinion was not unchanging, and the Spanish tragedy was evidently a cause that both individuals and associations rallied behind. In terms of the camp conditions, it was really an open camp. It was a beach, a wet beach.

With the Eastern Pyrenees on one side. Month of February, frozen with a cutting wind… So, to sleep there… well… it was quite a feat. A feat that covered us in lice because we stuck together one next to the other to keep warm… so, of course this multiplied the lice and we had lice.

When we arrived at the camp of Saint-Cyprien, there were no lodgings to house us, and we had to sleep on the sand, and those among us who had a blanket, we were lucky to be able to sleep, and we put papers beneath us… There, those who were over the age of 55 died, because they were unable to bear the unhappiness, the ups and downs, the storms, the cold…Each day we buried a number of them in the cemetery which was located facing the camp…The Senegalese, the Algerians, and the Somalians kept watch over us.

There, they gave us one loaf of bread, 2 kilos, for 24 people and we were each given 2 sardines. We never lost our sense of humour.

www.farmersmarketmusic.com: Jours d'Exil Tome III (French Edition) (): Ernest Cœurderoy: Books

In fact, the number of the arrested Spanish refugees diminished to reach a third about of this figure in July, , that is 95 , thanks to the incorporation policy developed by the French administration. This policy in reality had no direct link with a sudden impulse of generosity or the realization of ill-treatments inflicted on the prisoners. It was simply the consequence of the situation created by the massive influx of Spanish refugees owing to the huge expense of their accommodation, the importance of health measures to be implemented, the growing call- up of the civil servants and soldiers; all that in the middle of an economic crisis which never seems to finish and defensive measures in face of a war that appears more and more certain.

In this context, the enlistment of republican soldiers in the foreign Legion or in the economy as working force appears in the eyes of Prime minister Daladier as the only resolution able of solving the question of the financial expense and at the same time assuring the replacement of the Frenchmen mobilized by military preparations The decree issued by the government on April 12th, allowed the extension of military obligations to all foreign men from 20 to 48 years old, but this measure had only one mediocre success owed to its non-obligatory character.

It is only with the declaration of war against Germany and the French mobilization when the enlistment of the Spanish volunteers is extended with force by civil authorities to all the refugees. Pressure to go back to Spain was very big and pressure to join the Legion was very strong. Then, we decided to enlist in the working companies The Spanish exile was also a political one because divisions and ideological fractures born during the civil war survived military defeat abroad and experienced a strong worsening even in France.

The installation of the still legitimate republican government in Toulouse changed nothing in the decision to continue military operations in Spain, but consequently increased the internal oppositions among republicans and moderate socialists. However, in spite of orders given to the republican leaders enjoining them to leave the country as quickly as possible, all could not or did not want to leave France. If the economic incorporation of the Spanish republicans had taken a considerable development since September, thanks to reorganized and multiplied CTE across all country - about at the end of the year - a new law adopted in October, was going to reinforce discriminating measurements regarding the foreigners and return a large part of the Spanish workers in internment camps.

It was about a law of persecution, as much as it organized forced labour for the foreign workers without wage and under the strict control of military authorities. The Germans also realized the interest to exploit this skilled and cheap working force in autumn, , after their failure in the battle of England, and questioned Vichy government right over this human potential.

Soon the Spanish republicans were requisitioned by force by thousands in the service of the Todt Organization in La Rochelle, Royan, Lorient, Brest or Bordeaux, to work on the building of the Atlantic Wall or the V1 and V2 launching sites up to the liberation of France in summer So, when there were enough people ['volunteers '] they formed a train and sent us some to La Rochelle, the others farther to submarine naval bases, which were the most important, the first they began constructing before the Atlantic Wall.

On our arrival there were dogs, shouting, whiplashes.

jours dexil tome ii by ernest coeurderoy -84pdf-jdtibec AWS

They took us to a camp that had served for the Vietnamese who worked in a powder plant. We stood at 5 am to stay on the construction site till 7 pm, and sometimes we would come back to the camp only at midnight Long before the Allied landings of June , and even that of November in North Africa, GTE were the core of the armed resistance, which would give birth to the maquis and contribute actively to the deliverance of France.

The sabotage actions of industrial plants and technical installations began from in contact with the French resistance movements and the Anglo-American agents. Many of them were imprisoned during the war, sentenced to death penalty or deported to Germany and Spain, when Franco would reveal his personal interest in judging and executing prominent Republican politicians: Lluis Companys, the former president of the Catalan government, was stopped by the Germans to fall in the hands of Franco, he was sentenced to death on October 15th, and killed shortly after.

The collapse of the government of Vichy and the restoration of democracy in France were lived by the republican exiles as preliminary stage for the liberation of Spain.

Even though an estimated , of the , Spanish refugees were eventually able to return to Spain, one way or another, by the eve of the military collapse of France in May , regardless of the numbers involved it is important to evaluate the action of the French authorities towards the Spanish Republicans since , with regard particularly to the policies of reception which were put in place. It is obvious that the situation changed considerably between the beginning and the end of the Civil War.

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What appeared at the beginning as a still limited and controllable phenomenon, due to the massive returning of refugees towards combat zones, had transformed in into an event of unprecedented scale. The main question, however, is whether or not this was a foreseeable fact. As we have shown, the warning signs were numerous and repetitive, particularly after the fall of the Aragonese front in the spring of To speak of an unexpected exodus is hardly possible, even though the actual numbers far surpassed official estimations, both Spanish and French.

How could it have been otherwise, when the opening of the camp at Rieucros already provoked such sharp hostility in public opinion?

Alone the mobilization and deep lack of working force will allow a large majority of them to leave the camps between April and June and bring together the often very dispersed members of their families. Very soon they are arrested again, put into the internment camps or deported abroad. Their significant and vital participation to the Liberation of France was the result of such hatred and misbehaviour, as well as a chance to prove that the democratic spirit did not disappear, nor their will to fight against fascism, French and Spanish, on both sides of the Pyrenees.

Actes du colloque de Perpignan, Perpignan The title ironically refers to the German popular saying — wie Gott in Frankreich — that suggests how pleasant it is to live in France. Les Espagnols et la guerre civile, Pau , p. Ni rendimiento, ni abrazos de Vergara, ni pactos ni nada que no sea la victoria aplastante y definitiva.

De todo eso respondemos nosotros con nuestro honor y, si es preciso, con nuestras vidas. Diaz-Plaja, El siglo XX. La guerra , Madrid , p. Les Espagnols et la guerre civile cit. Italiens et Espagnols en France, , Paris , p. This book was initially published with a different title: La Tyrannie du national. Wolikow, Le Front populaire en France, Bruxelles , pp. Paul-Boncour, Entre deux guerres. It was necessary to reconstruct in haste moral and material force of France, to strengthen its best regards and its alliances. My duty ordered me to forget all my personal inclinations, to skin me of all my hate as of all my ideological priorities, to resist to the pressures of an agitated and nervous public opinion, to the more or less free and unselfish attacks, to remain firm in spite of all eddy of policy and to drive my action with absolute cold blood and objectivity, letting me in the middle of so much raging passions draw away by an unique mission, the only one who should be legitimate: If you need any of your orders' to be delivered outside of India, please reach out to us via our contact us page with the product details and delivery location for us to quote you the best possible shipping price.

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