Fear

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Dena Simmons How students of color confront impostor syndrome Posted Dec Isaac Lidsky What reality are you creating for yourself? Exclusive articles about Fear. Ella estuvo en la jungla durant Fear is contagious, but so is faith: She was held in the jungle for six years. With fear her constant Prior to release, F. IGN claimed that "Monolith forges new shooter territory with some truly freaky elements, challenge, fun, and beauty. I knew my goal—track down a psychic, escort a corporate executive's daughter out of danger—but I didn't ever care who these people were nor did I understand their motives.

The multiplayer and instant-action mode were praised for better gameplay, but the control scheme was negatively viewed. Reviews have also stated that it lacked bonus features, despite the new mission included in the game. GameSpot gave the game 8. It was a runner-up for their list of the year's 10 best computer games. The PlayStation 3 port received less favorable reviews than the other two versions, but still had positive reviews overall. It contained a different longer bonus mission than the one included in the Xbox port, [75] but the chief complaints of the negative reviewers were downgraded graphics and long loading times.

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GameSpot has given the port a 7. An expansion pack titled F. Files was released simultaneously for the Xbox , consisting of both Extraction Point and Perseus Mandate. Monolith Productions announced a sequel to F. Project Origin after Monolith and Warner Bros. The sequel focuses on a different character. Interactive Entertainment , which purchased the studio in while development of F. In , Rooster Teeth Productions created P. The series was produced primarily by using the machinima technique of synchronizing video footage from video games to pre-recorded dialogue and other audio.

The series was produced at the request of Monolith Productions as a part of a tie-in with the Director's Edition of F. The mini-series consists of five episodes. Four of these have been released on the Rooster Teeth website, and one — episode 0, a prequel — originally shipped exclusively with the F. It is also included with the game's digital release on GOG.

The story centers on a newcomer to Bravo Team, a special military group formed to battle supernatural enemies. As the series begins, Bravo Team has been sent into a military facility at night to investigate the reports of paranormal activity from within. This is a parody of the main scenario used in F. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the computer game. For other uses, see F. October 18, EU: October 17, [1]. October 31, EU: November 10, [2].

April 20, NA: April 24, AU: April 26, [3]. Extraction Point , F. Perseus Mandate , and F. Extraction Point at GameSpy". The New York Times. Game Developers Conference Archived from the original on Archived from the original on April 11, Retrieved January 28, There was an uprising. Fettel has taken command of the prototypes. This wacko's name is Paxton Fettel. If we contain him, we contain the situation. Property of Armacham Technology Corporation. They're working on a military contract to develop an army of clones that respond to a psychic commander.

Top secret, of course. Fettel was one of the commanders. How do we find him? He's got a transmitter embedded in his head that'll lead us right to him. Well, this confirms the point of Perseus was to train telepathic commanders to work with cloned soldiers, although Paxton Fettel was the only commander of the program. The weird thing is they refer to him as the second prototype. More info on Origin: If you want a telepathic commander, you need a telepath.

And it was a woman. Says here she gave live birth to the prototypes. Seems Wade wasn't convinced the psychic characteristics were genetic. He figured there was better chance they'd be passed along if the fetus gestated inside the subject. Faulty development of odor discrimination impairs the perception of pheromones and pheromone-related behavior, like aggressive behavior and mating in male rats: The enzyme Mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 MAPK7 has been implicated in regulating the development of the olfactory bulb and odor discrimination and it is highly expressed in developing rat brains, but absent in most regions of adult rat brains.

Conditional deletion of the MAPK7gene in mouse neural stem cells impairs several pheromone-mediated behaviors, including aggression and mating in male mice. These behavior impairments were not caused by a reduction in the level of testosterone, by physical immobility, by heightened fear or anxiety or by depression. Using mouse urine as a natural pheromone-containing solution, it has been shown that the impairment was associated with defective detection of related pheromones, and with changes in their inborn preference for pheromones related to sexual and reproductive activities.

Lastly, alleviation of an acute fear response because a friendly peer or in biological language: The term is in analogy to the "buffering" hypothesis in psychology, where social support has been proven to mitigate the negative health effects of alarm pheromone mediated distress. A bee colony exposed to an environment of high threat of predation did not show increased aggression and aggressive-like gene expression patterns in individual bees, but decreased aggression.

How Fear Works

That the bees did not simply habituate to threats is suggested by the fact that the disturbed colonies also decreased their foraging. Biologists have proposed in that fear pheromones evolved as molecules of "keystone significance", a term coined in analogy to keystone species. Pheromones may determine species compositions and affect rates of energy and material exchange in an ecological community.

Thus pheromones generate structure in a food web and play critical roles in maintaining natural systems. Evidence of chemosensory alarm signals in humans has emerged slowly: Although alarm pheromones have not been physically isolated and their chemical structures have not been identified in humans so far, there is evidence for their presence. Androstadienone , for example, a steroidal, endogenous odorant, is a pheromone candidate found in human sweat, axillary hair and plasma.

The closely related compound androstenone is involved in communicating dominance, aggression or competition; sex hormone influences on androstenone perception in humans showed a high testosterone level related to heightened androstenone sensitivity in men, a high testosterone level related to unhappiness in response to androstenone in men, and a high estradiol level related to disliking of androstenone in women.

A German study from showed when anxiety-induced versus exercise-induced human sweat from a dozen people was pooled and offered to seven study participants, of five able to olfactorily distinguish exercise-induced sweat from room air, three could also distinguish exercise-induced sweat from anxiety induced sweat. The acoustic startle reflex response to a sound when sensing anxiety sweat was larger than when sensing exercise-induced sweat, as measured by electromyograph analysis of the orbital muscle, which is responsible for the eyeblink component.

This showed for the first time that fear chemosignals can modulate the startle reflex in humans without emotional mediation; fear chemosignals primed the recipient's "defensive behavior" prior to the subjects' conscious attention on the acoustic startle reflex level. In analogy to the social buffering of rats and honeybees in response to chemosignals, induction of empathy by "smelling anxiety" of another person has been found in humans. A study from provided brain imaging evidence that human responses to fear chemosignals may be gender-specific. Researchers collected alarm-induced sweat and exercise-induced sweat from donors extracted it, pooled it and presented it to 16 unrelated people undergoing functional brain MRI.

While stress-induced sweat from males produced a comparably strong emotional response in both females and males, stress-induced sweat from females produced a markedly stronger arousal in women than in men. Statistical tests pinpointed this gender-specificity to the right amygdala and strongest in the superficial nuclei.

Since no significant differences were found in the olfactory bulb , the response to female fear-induced signals is likely based on processing the meaning, i. An approach-avoidance task was set up where volunteers seeing either an angry or a happy cartoon face on a computer screen pushed away or pulled toward them a joystick as fast as possible.

Volunteers smelling anandrostadienone, masked with clove oil scent responded faster, especially to angry faces, than those smelling clove oil only, which was interpreted as anandrostadienone-related activation of the fear system. Androstadienone is known to influence activity of the fusiform gyrus which is relevant for face recognition.

A drug treatment for fear conditioning and phobias via the amygdalae is the use of glucocorticoids. The glucocorticoid receptors were inhibited using lentiviral vectors containing Cre-recombinase injected into mice. Results showed that disruption of the glucocorticoid receptors prevented conditioned fear behavior.

The mice were subjected to auditory cues which caused them to freeze normally. However, a reduction of freezing was observed in the mice that had inhibited glucocorticoid receptors. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been successful in helping people overcome their fear. Because fear is more complex than just forgetting or deleting memories , an active and successful approach involves people repeatedly confronting their fears. By confronting their fears in a safe manner a person can suppress the "fear-triggering memories" or stimuli.

Another psychological treatment is systematic desensitization, which is a type of behavior therapy used to completely remove the fear or produce a disgusted response to this fear and replace it. The replacement that occurs will be relaxation and will occur through conditioning. Through conditioning treatments, muscle tensioning will lessen and deep breathing techniques will aid in de-tensioning.

Other methods for treating or coping with one's fear was suggested by life coach Robin Sharma. A person could keep a journal in which they write down rational thoughts regarding their fears. Journal entries are a healthy method of expressing one's fears without compromising their safety or causing uncertainty.

Another suggestion is a fear ladder. To create a fear ladder, one must write down all of their fears and score them on a scale of one to ten. Next, the person addresses their phobia, starting with the lowest number. Finding solace in religion is another method to cope with one's fear. Having something to answer your questions regarding your fears, such as, what happens after death or if there is an afterlife, can help mitigate one's fear of death because there is no room for uncertainty as their questions are answered.

Religion offers a method of being able to understand and make sense of one's fears rather than ignore them. The fear of the end of life and its existence is in other words the fear of death. The fear of death ritualized the lives of our ancestors. These rituals were designed to reduce that fear; they helped collect the cultural ideas that we now have in the present. The results and methods of human existence had been changing at the same time that social formation was changing. One can say [ by whom? The result of this fear forced people to unite to fight dangers together rather than fight alone.

When people are faced with their own thoughts of death, they either accept that they are dying or will die because they have lived a full life or they will experience fear. A theory was developed in response to this, which is called the Terror Management Theory. The theory states that a person's cultural worldviews religion, values, etc. To help manage their terror, they find solace in their death-denying beliefs, such as their religion. Another way people cope with their death related fears is pushing any thoughts of death into the future or by avoiding these thoughts all together through distractions.

People who have lived a full life, typically do not fear death because they believe that they have lived their life to the fullest. Religions are filled with different fears that humans have had throughout many centuries. The fears aren't just metaphysical including the problems of life and death but are also moral. Death is seen as a boundary to another world.

That world would always be different depending on how each individual lived their lives. The origins of this intangible fear are not found in the present world. In a sense we can assume that fear was a big influence on things such as morality.

This assumption, however, flies in the face of concepts such as moral absolutism and moral universalism — which would hold that our morals are rooted in either the divine or natural laws of the universe, and would not be generated by any human feeling, thought or emotion. From a theological perspective, the word "fear" encompasses more than simple fear. Strimple says that fear includes the ". Fear in religion can be seen throughout the years, however, the most prominent example would be The Crusades. However, the message was misinterpreted and as a result, innocent people were slaughtered.

Although the Crusades were meant to stay between the Muslims and the Christians, the hate spread onto the Jewish culture. Jewish people who feared for their lives, gave into the forced conversion of Christianity because they believed this would secure their safety.

Other Jewish people feared betraying their God by conceding to a conversion, and instead, secured their own fate, which was death. It can also be argued that Christians feared their religion not being the primary religion, and this is why they committed mass murder. Fear may be politically and culturally manipulated to persuade citizenry of ideas which would otherwise be widely rejected or dissuade citizenry from ideas which would otherwise be widely supported.

In contexts of disasters, nation-states manage the fear not only to provide their citizens with an explanation about the event or blaming some minorities, but also to adjust their previous beliefs. Fear can alter how a person thinks or reacts to situations because fear has the power to inhibit one's rational way of thinking. As a result, people who do not experience fear, are able to use fear as a tool to manipulate others. People who are experiencing fear, seek preservation through safety and can be manipulated by a person who is there to provide that safety that is being sought after.

Words become more real than reality" [83] By this, a manipulator is able to use our fear to manipulate us out the truth and instead make us believe and trust in their truth. Politicians are notorious for using fear to manipulate the people into supporting their will. Through keywords and key phrases such as, "it is for your safety," or "it is for the safety of this country," politicians invoke fear within people that their safety is at stake, and people will ultimately follow in line in order for their safety to be restored.

Fear is found and reflected in mythology and folklore as well as in works of fiction such as novels and films. Works of dystopian and post apocalyptic fiction convey the fears and anxieties of societies. The fear of the world's end is about as old as civilization itself. Such might constructively provoke discussion and steps to be taken to prevent depicted catastrophes.

Many stories also include characters who fear the antagonist of the plot. One important characteristic of historical and mythical heroes across cultures is to be fearless in the face of big and often lethal enemies. In the world of athletics fear is often used as a means of motivation to not fail. In this case the fear that is being created is initially a cognitive state to the receiver. Fear of failure as described above has been studied frequently in the field of sport psychology.

Many scholars have tried to determine how often fear of failure is triggered within athletes. As well as what personalities of athletes most often choose to use this type of motivation. Studies have also been conducted to determine the success rate of this method of motivation. Murray's Exploration in Personal was one of the first studies that actually identified fear of failure as an actual motive to avoid failure or to achieve success.

His studies suggested that inavoidance, the need to avoid failure, was found in many college-aged men during the time of his research in In the context of sport, a model was created by R. Lazarus in that uses the cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. It holds that Fear of Failure results when beliefs or cognitive schemas about aversive consequences of failing are activated by situations in which failure is possible.

These belief systems predispose the individual to make appraisals of threat and experience the state anxiety that is associated with Fear of Failure in evaluative situations. Another study was done in by Conroy, Poczwardowski, and Henschen that created five aversive consequences of failing that have been repeated over time. The five categories include a experiencing shame and embarrassment, b devaluing one's self-estimate, c having an uncertain future, d important others losing interest, e upsetting important others.

In summary, the two studies that were done above created a more precise definition of fear of failure, which is "a dispositional tendency to experience apprehension and anxiety in evaluative situations because individuals have learned that failure is associated with aversive consequences". People who have damage to their amygdalae , which can be caused by a rare genetic disease known as Urbach—Wiethe disease , are unable to experience fear. The disease destroys both amygdalae in late childhood. Since the discovery of the disease, there have only been recorded cases.

This is not debilitating; however, a lack of fear can allow someone to get into a dangerous situation they otherwise would have avoided.

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