It Really Is Gods Book: Why The Holy Bible Is The Word Of God (Life Essentials Book 1)
Contents:
Almighty God has appeared in the East of the world with righteousness, majesty, wrath, and chastisement, and He has revealed Himself to the myriad hosts of humanity! This fulfills the words in 1 Peter 4: This book points out the substance of man and the current situation of man, clearly designates the target that people should pursue, and resolves the issues involving human nature.
Classic selections from words expressed by Almighty God, Christ of the last days, have been collected in this book. These words are a guide for those who long for the appearance of God to seeking His footprints. They can lead you to find the entrance to the kingdom of heaven. This leads mankind to recognize that Almighty God and the Lord Jesus are the same God—He is the Lamb prophesied in the Book of Revelation who has opened the scroll and the seven seals. When we sing new songs in praise of God, we are able to experience that we are the group of people following the Lamb and singing new songs prophesied in the Book of Revelation.
This testifies that Almighty God is the return of the Lord Jesus and that He is the appearance of God in the last days. Important questions and answers from gospel films of the Church of Almighty God that are related to the truth have been excerpted in this book. Selections One Selections Two. The judgment before the great white throne of the last days has begun! The last Christ—Almighty God—has expressed the truth to perform His work of judging and cleansing mankind. These real experiences testify that the judgment work performed by Almighty God is the work of thoroughly saving mankind.
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Every single person who believes in God and turns back to Him undergoes an extraordinary journey of the heart. Hope you can learn lessons and gain revelation from them. As a general rule, one can say that the Orthodox Churches generally follow the Septuagint in including more books in their Old Testaments than are in the Jewish canon. It defines the books of the Jewish canon, and also the precise letter-text of these biblical books, with their vocalization and accentuation.
The oldest extant manuscripts of the Masoretic Text date from approximately the 9th century CE, [24] and the Aleppo Codex once the oldest complete copy of the Masoretic Text, but now missing its Torah section dates from the 10th century. The name Tanakh Hebrew: The Hebrew names of the books are derived from the first words in the respective texts. The Torah consists of the following five books:. The first eleven chapters of Genesis provide accounts of the creation or ordering of the world and the history of God's early relationship with humanity.
The remaining thirty-nine chapters of Genesis provide an account of God's covenant with the Biblical patriarchs Abraham , Isaac and Jacob also called Israel and Jacob's children, the " Children of Israel ", especially Joseph. It tells of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home in the city of Ur , eventually to settle in the land of Canaan , and how the Children of Israel later moved to Egypt.
The remaining four books of the Torah tell the story of Moses , who lived hundreds of years after the patriarchs. He leads the Children of Israel from slavery in Ancient Egypt to the renewal of their covenant with God at Mount Sinai and their wanderings in the desert until a new generation was ready to enter the land of Canaan.
The Torah ends with the death of Moses. The Torah contains the commandments of God, revealed at Mount Sinai although there is some debate among traditional scholars as to whether these were all written down at one time, or over a period of time during the 40 years of the wanderings in the desert, while several modern Jewish movements reject the idea of a literal revelation, and critical scholars believe that many of these laws developed later in Jewish history.
Tradition states that there are commandments taryag mitzvot. The Nevi'im tell the story of the rise of the Hebrew monarchy and its division into two kingdoms, ancient Israel and Judah , focusing on conflicts between the Israelites and other nations, and conflicts among Israelites, specifically, struggles between believers in "the L ORD God" [31] and believers in foreign gods, [32] [33] and the criticism of unethical and unjust behaviour of Israelite elites and rulers; [34] [35] [36] in which prophets played a crucial and leading role.
It ends with the conquest of the Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians followed by the conquest of the Kingdom of Judah by the Babylonians and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. They contain narratives that begin immediately after the death of Moses with the divine appointment of Joshua as his successor, who then leads the people of Israel into the Promised Land , and end with the release from imprisonment of the last king of Judah.
Treating Samuel and Kings as single books, they cover:. The Latter Prophets are divided into two groups, the "major" prophets, Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel , Daniel , and the Twelve Minor Prophets , collected into a single book. The collection is broken up to form twelve individual books in the Christian Old Testament , one for each of the prophets:.
The Ketuvim are believed to have been written under the Ruach HaKodesh the Holy Spirit but with one level less authority than that of prophecy. In Masoretic manuscripts and some printed editions , Psalms, Proverbs and Job are presented in a special two-column form emphasizing the parallel stichs in the verses, which are a function of their poetry. These three books are also the only ones in Tanakh with a special system of cantillation notes that are designed to emphasize parallel stichs within verses.
However, the beginning and end of the book of Job are in the normal prose system. These are the latest books collected and designated as "authoritative" in the Jewish canon even though they were not complete until the 2nd century CE. Besides the three poetic books and the five scrolls, the remaining books in Ketuvim are Daniel , Ezra—Nehemiah and Chronicles.
Although there is no formal grouping for these books in the Jewish tradition, they nevertheless share a number of distinguishing characteristics:. The following list presents the books of Ketuvim in the order they appear in most printed editions. It also divides them into three subgroups based on the distinctiveness of Sifrei Emet and Hamesh Megillot. The Five Megillot Hamesh Megillot. The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in Ketuvim. The Ketuvim is the last of the three portions of the Tanakh to have been accepted as biblical canon.
Evidence suggests, however, that the people of Israel were adding what would become the Ketuvim to their holy literature shortly after the canonization of the prophets.
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As early as BCE references suggest that the Ketuvim was starting to take shape, although it lacked a formal title. Many scholars believe that the limits of the Ketuvim as canonized scripture were determined by the Council of Jamnia c. The Tanakh was mainly written in biblical Hebrew , with some small portions Ezra 4: As the work of translation progressed, the canon of the Greek Bible expanded. The Torah always maintained its pre-eminence as the basis of the canon but the collection of prophetic writings, based on the Nevi'im , had various hagiographical works incorporated into it.
In addition, some newer books were included in the Septuagint, among these are the Maccabees and the Wisdom of Sirach. However, the book of Sirach , is now known to have existed in a Hebrew version, since ancient Hebrew manuscripts of it were rediscovered in modern times. The Septuagint version of some Biblical books, like Daniel and Esther , are longer than those in the Jewish canon.
Since Late Antiquity , once attributed to a hypothetical late 1st-century Council of Jamnia , mainstream Rabbinic Judaism rejected the Septuagint as valid Jewish scriptural texts. Several reasons have been given for this. First, some mistranslations were claimed. Second, the Hebrew source texts used for the Septuagint differed from the Masoretic tradition of Hebrew texts, which was chosen as canonical by the Jewish rabbis. After the Protestant Reformation , many Protestant Bibles began to follow the Jewish canon and exclude the additional texts, which came to be called Biblical apocrypha.
In most ancient copies of the Bible which contain the Septuagint version of the Old Testament, the Book of Daniel is not the original Septuagint version, but instead is a copy of Theodotion 's translation from the Hebrew, which more closely resembles the Masoretic Text. In Greek-speaking areas, this happened near the end of the 2nd century, and in Latin-speaking areas at least in North Africa , it occurred in the middle of the 3rd century.
History does not record the reason for this, and St. Jerome reports, in the preface to the Vulgate version of Daniel, "This thing 'just' happened. It has been proposed, and is thought highly likely by scholars, that "Esdras B" — the canonical Ezra—Nehemiah — is Theodotion's version of this material, and "Esdras A" is the version which was previously in the Septuagint on its own. Some texts are found in the Septuagint but are not present in the Hebrew.
Some books that are set apart in the Masoretic Text are grouped together. The Septuagint organizes the minor prophets as twelve parts of one Book of Twelve. A Christian Bible is a set of books that a Christian denomination regards as divinely inspired and thus constituting scripture. Although the Early Church primarily used the Septuagint or the Targums among Aramaic speakers, the apostles did not leave a defined set of new scriptures; instead the canon of the New Testament developed over time.
Groups within Christianity include differing books as part of their sacred writings, most prominent among which are the biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical books. The books which make up the Christian Old Testament differ between the Catholic see Catholic Bible , Orthodox, and Protestant see Protestant Bible churches, with the Protestant movement accepting only those books contained in the Hebrew Bible, while Catholics and Orthodox have wider canons.
A few groups consider particular translations to be divinely inspired, notably the Greek Septuagint and the Aramaic Peshitta. In Eastern Christianity , translations based on the Septuagint still prevail. The Septuagint was generally abandoned in favour of the 10th-century Masoretic Text as the basis for translations of the Old Testament into Western languages.
A number of books which are part of the Peshitta or the Greek Septuagint but are not found in the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible i.
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Most Protestants term these books as apocrypha. Modern Protestant traditions do not accept the deuterocanonical books as canonical, although Protestant Bibles included them in Apocrypha sections until the s. The Roman Catholic Church recognizes: In addition to those, the Greek and Russian Orthodox Churches recognize the following: Russian and Georgian Orthodox Churches include: There is also 4 Maccabees which is only accepted as canonical in the Georgian Church , but was included by St.
Christian biblical canons and List of English Bible translations. Riches, Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow, says that "the biblical texts themselves are the result of a creative dialogue between ancient traditions and different communities through the ages", [19] and "the biblical texts were produced over a period in which the living conditions of the writers — political, cultural, economic, and ecological — varied enormously". Why won't my login from the old site work? Your partnership makes all we do possible. The Greek ta biblia lit. Some include 2 Esdras. Classic selections from words expressed by Almighty God, Christ of the last days, have been collected in this book.
Jerome in an appendix to the Vulgate , and is an appendix to the Greek Orthodox Bible, and it is therefore sometimes included in collections of the Apocrypha. The Syriac Orthodox tradition includes: The Ethiopian Biblical canon includes: The Anglican Church uses some of the Apocryphal books liturgically. Therefore, editions of the Bible intended for use in the Anglican Church include the Deuterocanonical books accepted by the Catholic Church, plus 1 Esdras , 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh , which were in the Vulgate appendix. Not all of these works are actually pseudepigraphical.
It also refers to books of the New Testament canon whose authorship is misrepresented.
The "Old Testament" Pseudepigraphal works include the following: Notable pseudepigraphal works include the Books of Enoch such as 1 Enoch , 2 Enoch , surviving only in Old Slavonic , and 3 Enoch , surviving in Hebrew , c. These are ancient Jewish religious works, traditionally ascribed to the prophet Enoch , the great-grandfather of the patriarch Noah. They are not part of the biblical canon used by Jews , apart from Beta Israel. Most Christian denominations and traditions may accept the Books of Enoch as having some historical or theological interest or significance.
It has been observed that part of the Book of Enoch is quoted in the Epistle of Jude part of the New Testament but Christian denominations generally regard the Books of Enoch as non-canonical or non-inspired. There arose in some Protestant biblical scholarship an extended use of the term pseudepigrapha for works that appeared as though they ought to be part of the biblical canon, because of the authorship ascribed to them, but which stood outside both the biblical canons recognized by Protestants and Catholics. These works were also outside the particular set of books that Roman Catholics called deuterocanonical and to which Protestants had generally applied the term Apocryphal.
Accordingly, the term pseudepigraphical , as now used often among both Protestants and Roman Catholics allegedly for the clarity it brings to the discussion , may make it difficult to discuss questions of pseudepigraphical authorship of canonical books dispassionately with a lay audience. To confuse the matter even more, Eastern Orthodox Christians accept books as canonical that Roman Catholics and most Protestant denominations consider pseudepigraphical or at best of much less authority.
There exist also churches that reject some of the books that Roman Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants accept. The same is true of some Jewish sects. Many works that are "apocryphal" are otherwise considered genuine. The Old Testament has always been central to the life of the Christian church. Wright says "Jesus himself was profoundly shaped by the scriptures. They regarded the "holy writings" of the Israelites as necessary and instructive for the Christian, as seen from Paul's words to Timothy 2 Timothy 3: The New Testament is the name given to the second and final portion of the Christian Bible.
Jesus is its central figure. The term "New Testament" came into use in the second century during a controversy among Christians over whether or not the Hebrew Bible should be included with the Christian writings as sacred scripture. The New Testament presupposes the inspiration of the Old Testament. The New Testament is a collection of 27 books [72] of 4 different genres of Christian literature Gospels , one account of the Acts of the Apostles , Epistles and an Apocalypse.
These books can be grouped into:. Narrative literature , account and history of the Apostolic age. General epistles , also called catholic epistles. Apocalyptic literature , also called Prophetical. The mainstream consensus is that the New Testament was written in a form of Koine Greek , [73] [74] which was the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean [75] [76] [77] [78] from the Conquests of Alexander the Great — BCE until the evolution of Byzantine Greek c. The original autographs , that is, the original Greek writings and manuscripts written by the original authors of the New Testament, have not survived.
There have been some minor variations, additions or omissions, in some of the texts. When ancient scribes copied earlier books, they sometimes wrote notes on the margins of the page marginal glosses to correct their text — especially if a scribe accidentally omitted a word or line — and to comment about the text.
When later scribes were copying the copy, they were sometimes uncertain if a note was intended to be included as part of the text. The three main textual traditions of the Greek New Testament are sometimes called the Alexandrian text-type generally minimalist , the Byzantine text-type generally maximalist , and the Western text-type occasionally wild. Together they comprise most of the ancient manuscripts. The Old Testament canon entered into Christian use in the Greek Septuagint translations and original books, and their differing lists of texts.
In addition to the Septuagint, Christianity [ vague ] subsequently added various writings that would become the New Testament. Somewhat different lists of accepted works continued to develop in antiquity. In the 4th century a series of synods produced a list of texts equal to the 39, 46, 51, or book canon of the Old Testament and to the book canon of the New Testament that would be subsequently used to today, most notably the Synod of Hippo in CE.
With the benefit of hindsight it can be said that this process effectively set the New Testament canon, although there are examples of other canonical lists in use after this time. The Protestant Old Testament of today has a book canon — the number of books though not the content varies from the Jewish Tanakh only because of a different method of division — while the Roman Catholic Church recognizes 46 books 51 books with some books combined into 46 books as the canonical Old Testament.
Some include 2 Esdras. The Anglican Church also recognizes a longer canon. The New Testament writers assumed the inspiration of the Old Testament, probably earliest stated in 2 Timothy 3: There are 81 books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible. The three books of Meqabyan are not to be confused with the books of Maccabees. The order of the other books is somewhat different from other groups', as well.
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The Second Epistle to Timothy says that "all scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness". Within these broad beliefs many schools of hermeneutics operate. Jewish antiquity attests to belief in sacred texts, [85] [86] and a similar belief emerges in the earliest of Christian writings. Various texts of the Bible mention divine agency in relation to its writings. The original texts of the Tanakh were mainly in Hebrew, with some portions in Aramaic.
There are several different ancient versions of the Tanakh in Hebrew, mostly differing by spelling, and the traditional Jewish version is based on the version known as Aleppo Codex. Even in this version there are words which are traditionally read differently from written, because the oral tradition is considered more fundamental than the written one, and presumably mistakes had been made in copying the text over the generations.
The primary biblical text for early Christians was the Septuagint. In addition, they translated the Hebrew Bible into several other languages. Translations were made into Syriac, Coptic , Ethiopic , and Latin, among other languages. The Latin translations were historically the most important for the Church in the West, while the Greek-speaking East continued to use the Septuagint translations of the Old Testament and had no need to translate the New Testament. The earliest Latin translation was the Old Latin text, or Vetus Latina , which, from internal evidence, seems to have been made by several authors over a period of time.
It was based on the Septuagint, and thus included books not in the Hebrew Bible. According to the Latin Decretum Gelasianum also known as the Gelasian Decree , thought to be of a 6th-century document [94] [95] of uncertain authorship and of pseudepigraphal papal authority variously ascribed to Pope Gelasius I , Pope Damasus I , or Pope Hormisdas [96] [97] [98] but reflecting the views of the Roman Church by that period, [99] the Council of Rome in AD under Pope Damasus I — assembled a list of books of the Bible. Damasus commissioned Saint Jerome to produce a reliable and consistent text by translating the original Greek and Hebrew texts into Latin.
This translation became known as the Latin Vulgate Bible , in the fourth century AD although Jerome expressed in his prologues to most deuterocanonical books that they were non- canonical. Since the Protestant Reformation , Bible translations for many languages have been made. John Riches, professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism at the University of Glasgow, provides the following view of the diverse historical influences of the Bible:. It has inspired some of the great monuments of human thought, literature, and art; it has equally fuelled some of the worst excesses of human savagery, self-interest, and narrow-mindedness.
It has inspired men and women to acts of great service and courage, to fight for liberation and human development; and it has provided the ideological fuel for societies which have enslaved their fellow human beings and reduced them to abject poverty. It has, perhaps above all, provided a source of religious and moral norms which have enabled communities to hold together, to care for, and to protect one another; yet precisely this strong sense of belonging has in turn fuelled ethnic, racial, and international tension and conflict. In Islam , the Bible is held to reflect true unfolding revelation from God ; but revelation which had been corrupted or distorted in Arabic: Members of other religions may also seek inspiration from the Bible.
For example, Rastafaris view the Bible as essential to their religion [] and Unitarian Universalists view it as "one of many important religious texts". Biblical criticism refers to the investigation of the Bible as a text, and addresses questions such as authorship, dates of composition, and authorial intention.
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It is not the same as criticism of the Bible , which is an assertion against the Bible being a source of information or ethical guidance, or observations that the Bible may have translation errors. In the 17th century Thomas Hobbes collected the current evidence to conclude outright that Moses could not have written the bulk of the Torah. Shortly afterwards the philosopher Baruch Spinoza published a unified critical analysis, arguing that the problematic passages were not isolated cases that could be explained away one by one, but pervasive throughout the five books, concluding that it was "clearer than the sun at noon that the Pentateuch was not written by Moses.
Biblical archaeology is the archaeology that relates to and sheds light upon the Hebrew Scriptures and the Christian Greek Scriptures or the "New Testament". It is used to help determine the lifestyle and practices of people living in biblical times. There are a wide range of interpretations in the field of biblical archaeology. One broad division includes biblical maximalism which generally takes the view that most of the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible is based on history although it is presented through the religious viewpoint of its time.
It is considered to be the opposite of biblical minimalism which considers the Bible to be a purely post-exilic 5th century BCE and later composition. Even among those scholars who adhere to biblical minimalism, the Bible is a historical document containing first-hand information on the Hellenistic and Roman eras , and there is universal scholarly consensus that the events of the 6th century BCE Babylonian captivity have a basis in history.
The historicity of the biblical account of the history of ancient Israel and Judah of the 10th to 7th centuries BCE is disputed in scholarship. The biblical account of the 8th to 7th centuries BCE is widely, but not universally, accepted as historical, while the verdict on the earliest period of the United Monarchy 10th century BCE and the historicity of David is unclear. Archaeological evidence providing information on this period, such as the Tel Dan Stele , can potentially be decisive.
The biblical account of events of the Exodus from Egypt in the Torah , and the migration to the Promised Land and the period of Judges are not considered historical in scholarship. The Bible used by Abraham Lincoln for his oath of office during his first inauguration in