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Many woodland birds have adapted to use song instead of bright visual colours to attract mates in environments where it is difficult to see more than a few metres in all directions. Dr Tony Hawkins, from Aberdeen University's marine laboratory, found that the wild haddock produce a distinctive "love call" that starts as a series of knocks and eventually speeds up to a melodic hum as they try to arouse the females. Houseboat residents on the east coast of the US have fallen victim to another fish that likes to sing to its mates — the toadfish.
The humming of these creatures can be so great that it causes the houseboats to reverberate as their humming passes through the water. A South American bird called a club winged manakin employs a musical instrument rather than its own voice to win a mate. The bird rubs together specially adapted feathers as it vibrates its wings are more than times a second, producing a noise like a violin.
Red velvet mites try another ploy often seen in humans — they paint for their partners.
The tiny male arachnids lay down intricate trails of silk for the female to follow. If she likes the artistry of the trail, she will follow it to the end and sit on a deposit of sperm the male has left there.
Smell is among the most powerful senses in the animal kingdom and it has the ability to detect subtle chemical signals from far away. Female emperor moths release chemicals called pheromones which the males can detect from several miles away. The males have highly sensitive, furry antennae which can pick up even tiny amounts of the pheromones and they home in on the source by detecting from which direction it is strongest. Plants are already exploited by humans to make perfumes and other scents that can make them irresistible, but the plants exploit this technique to their own advantage.
Bee orchids produce a scent similar to a female bee and has evolved to look like a bee in a bid to attract male bees to the flower. The male bees then pick up pollen and transfer it to other bee orchid flowers, pollinating the plants. While Cupid's arrows are often attributed to causing couples to fall in love, land snails, including the popular roman snail which is eaten as escargot, stab each other with real "love darts" before they copulate.
The dart, which is shaped like hypodermic needle, injects a hormone like substance into the other snail causing their behaviour to change. This substance is also thought to increase the likelihood of fertilisation when the snails finally mate. Male porcupines also have a rather unpleasant habit.
They spray the females with their urine in a bid to attract them. The urine is filled with hormones that cause the females to become sexually attracted. The male Argentine lake duck has the longest penis of all vertebrates in relation to its body.
Some researchers have hypothesised that the birds use it like a kind of lasso to help them snare female ducks who are often resistant to mating. Africa is labelled as a contagious continent incubating pestilences of all sorts in hot muggy jungles, spread by reckless and sexually unrestrained people. AIDS in particular is said to have its origin in the careless dealings of Africans with simians, which they eat or whose blood they use as an aphrodisiac. This is just the latest chapter in a long and ugly line of stereotypes directed against different people like the Irish or Japanese , and Africans and African Americans in particular.
To throw bananas in front of black sportspeople is a common racist provocation even today.
What explains this disastrous association of black people defamed as simian? A combination of factors might be the cause:. The Asian great ape population is more limited, while in the Americas one finds monkeys, but no apes;. Large scale chattel slavery required reducing people to objects. Precisely because of that it also required the most thorough and systematic kind of dehumanisation in the theorisation of that reality. Take midth century America in circles in which polygenesis separate origins for the races was taken seriously.
Leading scientists of the day Josiah C. Nott and George R. Gliddon, in their Types of Mankind , documented what they saw as objective racial hierarchies with illustrations comparing blacks to chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. As Stephen Jay Gould comments, the book was not a fringe document, but the leading American text on racial differences. Social Darwinism, triumphantly monogenetic, would become the new racial orthodoxy. Global white domination was being taken as proof of the evolutionary superiority of the white race.
Popular culture played a crucial role in disseminating these beliefs. The average American layperson would be unlikely to have been reading scientific journals. But they were certainly reading H. Africa and Africans occupied a special place in the white imaginary, marked by the most shameless misrepresentations.
Burroughs would become one of the bestselling authors of the 20th century. Not just in his numerous books, but in the movies made of them and the various cartoon strip and comic spin-offs, of his most famous creation, Tarzan of the Apes. Tarzan would embed in the Western mind the indelible image of a white man ruling a black continent. It is a world in which the black humans are bestial, simian, while the actual apes are near-human.
Rather, it consolidated a Manichean iconography pervasive throughout the colonial Western world in the first half of the 20th century and lingering still today.
In this conflict between light and dark, white European persons rule simian black under-persons. In his Independence Day speech, Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba blasted the oppressive legacy of Belgian colonialism to the astonishment and outrage of the Belgian king and his coterie, who had expected grateful deference from the natives. He is reputed to have concluded:. Nous ne sommes plus vos macaques! We are no longer your monkeys. The story seems to be apocryphal — no documentation has been found for it — but its widespread circulation testifies to the decolonial aspiration of millions of Africans.
Alas, within less than a year, Lumumba would be dead, assassinated with the connivance of Western agencies, and the country turned over to neocolonial rule. From now [on] I shall address the blacks of South Africa as monkeys as I see the cute little wild monkeys do the same, pick and drop litter.
This does not stop at class boundaries. The internet has overflowed with ape comparisons ever since Barack and Michelle Obama moved into the White House. Even a social-liberal newspaper, like the Belgian De Morgen, has deemed it kind of funny to simianise the First Couple. Animalisation remains a malicious and effective instrument of such a form of desocialisation and dehumanisation.
My grandfather used to tell me that the Almasty have always lived here. Men haven't come such a long way, baby, overnight. I was scared to death, and was lying there still, thinking what she was going to do next. Warren has paid more attention to drugs, booze, and women than his career, which has degenerated into a series of seedy exploitation films , obscure industrials , low-rent theater productions, and a regrettable string of skin flicks. His six-pack abs and sharply defined pecs help make him a true King of the Jungle. A combination of factors might be the cause: This is just the latest chapter in a long and ugly line of stereotypes directed against different people like the Irish or Japanese , and Africans and African Americans in particular.
Simianisation is a version of this strategy, which historically manifested a lethal combination of sexism and racism. Together with Silvia Sebastiani, Wulf D. Hund and Charles W. Mills edited a volume of the Racism Analysis Yearbook on Simianization. Apes, Gender, Class, and Race. Pets in Victorian paintings — Egham, Surrey. The history of pets and family life — Egham, Surrey.